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Prairie View A&M University
MottoPrairie View Produces Productive People
Established1876
TypePublic, HBCU
Endowment$47 million
PresidentDr. George C. Wright
Academic staff422
Students8,608
LocationPrairie View, Texas,
United States
Former namesPrairie View University
ColorsPurple and Gold
         
AthleticsNCAA Division I-AA
Sportsbaseball
basketball
cross country
football
golf
tennis
track and field
bowling
soccer
softball
volleyball
NicknamePanthers
AffiliationsSouthwestern Athletic Conference – West Division
Websitewww.pvamu.edu

Prairie View A&M University is a historically black university (HBCU) located in Prairie View, Texas, United States (northwest of Houston) and is a member of the Texas A&M University System. PVAMU offers baccalaureate degrees in 50 academic majors, 37 master’s degrees and four doctoral degree programs through nine colleges and schools. PVAMU is one of Texas' land grant universities. The University is a member-school of Thurgood Marshall College Fund.

History[]

Founded in 1876, Prairie View A&M University is the second oldest state-sponsored institution of higher education in Texas.

In 1876, the Fifteenth Texas Legislature, consistent with terms of the federal Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act, which provided public lands for the establishment of colleges, authorized an "Agricultural and Mechanical College for the Benefit of Colored Youth" as part of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (now Texas A&M University).[1] Governor Richard Hubbard appointed a three-man commission, including Ashbel Smith, a long-time supporter of public education. The Commissioners bought Alta Vista Plantation, near Hempstead in Waller County, Texas for $15,000, and turned the school over to the A&M board. Texas A&M President Thomas S. Gathright selected L. W. Minor of Mississippi as the first principal, and on March 11, 1878, eight young African-American men enrolled in the short-lived Alta Vista Agricultural College. They were charged tuition of $130 which included nine months of instruction, board, and one uniform.[1] In 1879, as the institution was struggling to find resources to continue, Governor Oran Roberts suggested closing the college. But Barnas Sears, an agent for the Peabody Fund, persuaded the Sixteenth Texas Legislature to issue charters two normal schools for the training of teachers, one of which would be called Prairie View Normal Institute. The Texas A&M College board met at Hempstead in August 1879, and established thirteen elementary and secondary subjects, and founded the coeducational institution. Women were housed in the plantation house called Kirby Hall (no longer exists), and boys were housed in a combination chapel-dormitory called Pickett Hall. Among the first faculty appointed to the new normal school was E. H. Anderson. In 1882, a strong storm damaged Pickett Hall. This came at the same time as state funds ran out. State Comptroller William M. Brown refused to continue paying the school's debts from the state's university fund, so Governor Roberts had to solicit money from merchants. E. H. Anderson died in 1885, and his brother L. C. Anderson became the principal of Prairie View. A longstanding dispute as to the mission of the school was resolved in 1887 when the legislature added an agricultural and mechanical department, thus returning the college to its original mission.[1] Historian Dr. George Wolfok wrote, Prairie View, A Study In Public Conscience 1962) “Prairie View is an institution—a public institution. But an institution is an empty thing without the beating hearts and yearning souls of mortal men. And down the seventy-five years of Prairie View’s existence, men have lived and dreamed here until every blade of grass and every rock, in that wise primordial way in which the primitive earth knows and cares, has joined the choir invisible to bless their memory. For every man whose foot has touched this hallowed soil, has found a spirit, and has broadened and deepened it until what started out as an ambitionless meandering stream has become a purposeful river upon whose tide, now turbulent, now tranquil, floats the destiny of countless human hopes and dreams.”

In 1945, the name of the institution was changed from Prairie View Normal and Industrial College to Prairie View University, and the school was authorized to offer, "as need arises," all courses offered at the University of Texas. In 1947, the Texas Legislature changed the name to Prairie View A&M College of Texas and provided that "courses be offered in agriculture, the mechanics arts, engineering, and the natural sciences connected therewith, together with any other courses authorized at Prairie View at the time of passage of this act, all of which shall be equivalent to those offered at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas at Bryan." On August 27, 1973, the name of the institution was changed to Prairie View A&M University, and its status as an independent unit of the Texas A&M University System was confirmed.

In 1981, the Texas Legislature acknowledged the University's rich tradition of service and identified various statewide needs which the University should address including the assistance of students of diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds to realize their full potential, and assistance of small and medium-sized communities and businesses in their growth and development.

In 1983, the Texas Legislature proposed a constitutional amendment to restructure the Permanent University Fund to include Prairie View A&M University as a beneficiary of its proceeds. The Permanent University Fund is a perpetual endowment fund originally established in the Constitution of 1876 for the sole benefit of Texas A&M University and the University of Texas. The 1983 amendment also dedicated the University to enhancement as an "institution of the first class" under the governing board of the Texas A&M University System. The constitutional amendment was approved by the voters on November 6, 1984.

In January 1985, the Board of Regents of the Texas A&M University System responded to the 1984 Constitutional Amendment by stating its intention that Prairie View A&M University become "an institution nationally recognized in its areas of education and research." The Board also resolved that the University receive its share of the Available University Fund, as previously agreed to by Texas A&M University and the University of Texas.

In October 2000, the Governor of Texas signed the Priority Plan, an agreement with the U.S. Department of Education Office of Civil Rights to make Prairie View A&M University an educational asset accessible by all Texans. The Priority Plan mandates creation of many new educational programs, including graduate degrees in engineering and education, and facilities like the state-of-the-art Don Clark Juvenile Justice and Psychology building. It also requires removing language from the Institutional Mission Statement which might give the impression of excluding any Texan from attending Prairie View A&M University.

Around 2004, Oliver Kitzman, the district attorney of Waller County, attempted to challenge the voting rights of PVAMU students. As a result, the United States Department of Justice opened a civil rights investigation about Kitzman. Geoffrey Connor, the Texas Secretary of State, said that PVAMU students, like other university students, have the right to vote for officials in the university's voting districts as long as they are registered to vote there.[2]

Academics[]

The university offers academic programs through the following administrative units:

  • College of Agriculture and Human Sciences
  • School of Architecture
  • College of Arts and Sciences
  • College of Business
  • College of Education
  • Roy G. Perry College of Engineering
  • College of Juvenile Justice and Psychology
  • College of Nursing

There are currently doctoral programs in Electrical Engineering, Educational Leadership, and Juvenile Justice. A new program for a Ph.D. in nursing is under development.

Demographics[]

The university enrolls 6,324 undergraduate students and 1,758 graduate students who come from all 50 U.S. states and several countries throughout the world.[citation needed] Currently 56% of the students are female, and 44% are male.

Campus[]

The university sits on a 1,440-acre (5.8 km2) campus in Prairie View, Texas and is 47.4 miles (76.3 km) from the city hall of Houston, Texas.

Student housing[]

Both student residence housing properties at PVAMU are owned and operated by American Campus Communities.[3][4] Freshmen students on campus may reside in the University College community. Upperclassmen may live in apartment style living in University Village.[5] University Village has phases I, II, and III. Phase III has an academic standard (3.0 GPA). The first of these apartment buildings was built in 1995.[citation needed]

In 1998 ACC was awarded the contract to develop, build, and manage a student housing property at PVAMU.[6] University College opened in 2000. As of the northern hemisphere fall of 2001, 40% of on-campus students lived at University College and the remaining 60% lived at University Village.[7]

Previous buildings that formerly housed students include Alexander Hall, Banks Hall, Buchanan Hall, Collins Hall, Drew Hall, L. O. Evans Hall, Fuller Hall, Holley Hall, and Suarez Hall. Suarez Hall was already closed in 1996. In 1997 Alexander Hall, Buchanan Hall, and Collins Hall had closed. In 1998 Holley Hall had closed. In 2000 Drew Hall, Evans Hall, and Fuller Hall had closed. During the same year, Alexander, Buchanan, and Holley had been demolished. In 2001 Banks Hall had closed.[7]

Traditions[]

Prairie View A&M's traditions are deeply rooted in its heritage as Texas's second oldest (Paul Quinn College was establish in 1872) historically black University. One of the premier traditions is marked by student gatherings at the Abner Davis Memorial and fountain. Abner Davis, a member of the varsity football team, met with an accident in a game with Texas College in Tyler on November 4, 1927. Davis sustained a broken neck in tackling a Texas College player. He tackled low, and the player’s knee struck his head at the base of the neck. Abner was paralyzed from his neck and shoulders down and died after an illness of seven or eight days. Abner’s classmates and the supervisor of the class erected a monument and plaque in his memory in the middle of the campus. Today, students and faculty still gather at the memorial to commemorate important activities on campus.

Honor’s Week is designated for students who have achieved outstanding accomplishments during the school year. Recognition for scholarship, student leadership, citizenship and athletic prowess are among the achievements recognized. The week culminates in a special convocation. Founder’s Day is celebrated annually by the Prairie View A&M University community on March 11. Although the 15th Legislature passed an act to establish the University on Aug. 14, 1876, the University did not open its doors until March 11, 1878. In 2006, PVAMU celebrated its 130-year anniversary. Homecoming . . . a time for welcome and celebration . . . a time to reflect on the traditions and heritage of a great University. . . a time for the return of “Loyal Panthers” to their alma mater to embrace the current University administration, faculty, staff, students, families and friends. The focal points of this week are the football game, homecoming University family. Springfest is held each year during the spring semester after the mid-semester examination period. A variety of cultural and social events are held throughout the week for students, staff and faculty. Highlights of the week’s activities are the Greek step show and “after party.”

Student activities[]

Athletics[]

File:Prairie View A&M University logo.png

Athletics logo

Prairie View A&M University offers a wide variety of varsity and intramural sports programs. Prairie View A&M University has an outstanding tradition of athletics.

Men's and women's athletic teams are nicknamed the Panthers and the team colors are purple and gold. Prairie View A&M is a charter member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC), and is a member of the West Division of the SWAC in sports since the conference is currently divided by two divisions (West and East). Prairie View competes in NCAA Division I in all varsity sports; in football, the Panthers play in the Division I FCS.

Prairie View's most notable rivals are Texas Southern University and Grambling State University.

Men's varsity sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, tennis, and track and field. Women's varsity sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track and field, and volleyball.

Football[]

The first football coach at Prairie View was H.B. Hucles, who began in 1924. Before Hucles's arrival at Prairie View, the school played two games without a coach on record: a 1907 7–0 win against a team from Wylie, Texas[8] and a 1920 7–6 loss to Tuskegee University.[9]

Prairie View's most recognized and celebrated coach was William "Billy" Nicks. Nicks was head coach in 1945–47, assistant coach in 1948–51, and head coach again in 1952–65. His record for 17 years was 127-39-8. He led the Panthers to 8 Southwestern Athletic Conference championships and 5 black college national championships. Nicks was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1999. Coach Nicks was named the American Football Coaches Association’s recipient of the Trailblazer Award. The award was presented posthumously at the AFCA Kickoff Luncheon on Monday, January 7 at the 2008 AFCA Convention in Anaheim, California.

Prairie View is recognized as the first historically Black university to create and play in a post-season bowl game. The Prairie View Bowl was played in Texas between 1928 and 1962.

The Prairie View A & M Football team won Black college national championship titles in 1953, 1954, 1958, 1963, and 1964 and Southwestern Athletic Conference Championships SWAC in 1933, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1958, 1960, 1963, 1964. and recently in 2009. Notable football players that have achieved success in the National Football League (NFL) are National Football Hall of Fame Inductee Kenny Houston and Otis Taylor, who won a World Championship with the Kansas City Chiefs in 1969. On a small note of significance, Charlie "Choo Choo" Brackins, who played from 1952–1955, was the first HBCU alumnus to play quarterback in the NFL Reginald Gillard who played receiver for the New England Patriots.

The team lost 80 consecutive games in 1989–98, almost doubling Columbia University's 44 straight losses between 1983–1988.[10]

On November 10, 2007, it clinched its first winning season since 1976 with a 30–27 victory over traditional power Jackson State University under coach Henry Frazier, III.

In 1999 the SWAC moved to a new Divisional format with Western Division and Eastern Division Champions to play for the SWAC Championship. On November 14, 2009, it clinched its first SWAC Western Division Championship by defeating Alcorn State. The next weekend would see the Panthers go undefeated in the SWAC by defeating Arkansas Pine Bluff and securing a 8–1 record, their only loss during the season to New Mexico State. They finished the season by winning the SWAC Championship on December 12, defeating Eastern Division Champion Alabama A&M 30-24 in the SWAC Championship Game. They exit the 2009 SWAC football campaign with an unblemished 9-0 SWAC conference record. They were led by their quarterback 6'4' 225 pound, swift footed KJ Black who led all quarterbacks in the SWAC with an outstanding passer effiency rating of 168.1 their SWAC 2nd leading rusher in Donald Babers that averages 5.2 yards per carry.

Cheerleading[]

Two Prairie View A&M cheerleaders have been paralyzed on school property during practice sessions. The first incident occurred in 2004, leaving a female student paralysed; she died two years later.[11] and resulted in a death. The second incident occurred in 2008; a male cheerleader sustained a spinal cord injury.[12]

Women's basketball[]

File:Toyelle Wilson Head Coach Womens basketball Prairie View A&M.jpg

Toyelle Wilson at 2012 NCAA Tournament first round

The women's basketball team received national attention in 2005 with the naming of Cynthia Cooper as the head basketball coach. Cooper, a two-time WNBA MVP, led the Lady Panthers to the school's first ever SWAC title and NCAA Tournament berth in her second season as coach. She was replaced by Toyelle Wilson, who had served as an assistant under Cooper-Dyke for four years.

Women's outdoor track & field[]

The Lady Panther's Track and Field teams accumulated an unprecedented string of championships both indoor and outdoor. From 1965 to 1991 the Lady Panther's claimed 8 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) outdoor titles and 2 indoor titles; won national titles in the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women and the U.S. Track and Field Federation; won 8 Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) cross country titles, nine indoor titles and five outdoor SWAC titles in track and field. In total the Lady Panther's won 23 SWAC championships

Coach Barbara Jacket was named SWAC Coach of the Year on 23 occasions and NAIA Coach of the Year five times and Jacket tutored 57 All-Americans. As coach of the 1992 U.S. Women's Olympic Track Team during the Olympics which ran from July 25 – August 9 in Barcelona, Spain, Ms. Jacket had the enviable task of coaching such greats as long jumper Jackie Joyner-Kersee and sprinters Gwen Torrance, Gail Devers, and Evelyn Ashford. The Women's team won overall 4 Gold Medals, 3 Silver Medals, and 3 Bronze Medals more than any team since 1956. She was the second Black female to coach an Olympic team

Baseball[]

The Prairie View A&M Panther baseball team captured its first Southwestern Athletic Conference championship in the school's history and won back-to-back SWAC titles in 2006 and 2007. During the last five years, Prairie View A&M has made four consecutive appearances in the SWAC’s title game, finishing as the conference’s runner-up in 2005 and 2008. Prairie View A&M recently captured its third SWAC title in 2012, defeating Mississippi Valley State University.

Marching band[]

Marching Storm Leadership
Dr. Timothy Zachery Director (Current)
Prof. George W. Edwards (1948–2009) Director (Retired)
Dr. Marget Sherrod Black Foxes Director/Coordinator
Dr. William McQueen Assistant Band Director
Prof. Larry Jones Assistant Band Director/Percussion Coordinator
Mr. Mark Gordon Assistant Band Director

The university's official marching band is referred to as the Marching Storm and supports the Delta Psi chapter of Kappa Kappa Psi honorary band fraternity along with the Epsilon Psi chapter of Tau Beta Sigma honorary band sorority. Past performances include President George W. Bush’s 2001 Presidential Inaugural Parade in Washington, D.C., the 2004 Dallas Cowboys' Thanksgiving Day game, the Honda Battle of the Bands Invitational Showcase in Atlanta, Georgia and during the 2011 Super Bowl XLV halftime show with The Black eyed Pea's.

The marching band traveled to the 2009 Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California and performed in the opening act in front of the grandstands for the world-wide television audience.[13] In Summer 2009, the Marching Storm mourned the death of their leader, Professor George Edwards. Students affectionately referred to him as "Prof" and will forever be remembered in their hearts.

Black Foxes

The Marching Storm is joined by the Black Foxes, the university majorette/dance line.

The McFunk B.O.X.

The McFunk B.O.X. is the nickname for the drumline. "The B.O.X.", as they are affectionately called for short, was the first black collegiate showstyle drumline to incorporate a feature in the middle of a halftime show. The B.O.X. made their debut in the fall season of 1989.

Fraternities and Sororities[]

All nine members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council are represented at PVAMU. Though not a member of the National Pan-Hellenic Council, Kappa Kappa Psi a national Honorary Band Fraternity, was the first Greek organization to have a chapter on campus. Sigma Lambda Gamma, a multicultural sorority, also has a chapter.

Student organizations There are more than 150 organizations registered at the university representing various interests to include academic, honor societies, volunteer causes, political, special interests, etc. These organizations make up the social, political and economical structure of the university. If an organization does not exist to match the student's interest, students are encouraged to form the organization.

Notable alumni[]

Name Class year Notability References
Hise Austin former NFL wide receiver
Kirko Bangz (real name Kirk Randle) Did not graduate Rapper [14]
Sebastian Barrie 1992 Defensive lineman in the NFL from 1992 to 1995 [15]
Zelmo Beaty professional basketball player in the NBA and ABA from 1962 to 1975
Julius W. Becton, Jr. 1960 Lieutenant General US Army, Federal Emergency Management Agency Director, educator, and past president of PVAMU
J. Don Boney 1948 First president of the University of Houston–Downtown [16]
Charlie Brackins 1955 one of the first African-American NFL quarterbacks [17]
David L. Brewer III 1970 Retired vice admiral of the United States Navy and superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District (2006-2008) [18]
Charles Brown 1943 Legendary blues recording aArtist and member of Rock & Roll Hall of Fame [19]
Emanuel Cleaver 1972 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives for the 5th district of Missouri since 2005 [20]
Cecil Cooper Did not graduate 5-time MLB All-Star who played first baseman from 1971 to 1987, Houston Astros manager from 2007 to 2009 [21]
Dorrough (real name Dorwin Demarcus Dorrough) Did not graduate Rapper [22]
Terry Ellis 1990 vocalist and member of female R&B group En Vogue [23]
Clement Glenn 1986 (BBA)
1988 (MBA)
2010 Democratic candidate for Texas Governor; current associate professor of education at Prairie View A&M [24][25]
Adrian Hamilton 2012 Linebacker for the Baltimore Ravens of the NFL since 2012
Ken Houston Member Pro Football Hall of Fame, 13 year career as strong safety with Houston Oilers and Washington Redskins
Louise Daniel Hutchinson Historian [26]
Jim Kearney Defensive back in the NFL and AFL from 1965 to 1976
Jermaine McGhee 2007 American football defensive end
Sidney A. McPhee President of Middle Tennessee State University
Frederick D. Patterson founder of United Negro College Fund
DJ Premier (real name Christopher Edward Martin) Did not graduate member of Gang Starr [27]
Inez Beverly Prosser 1913 the first African-American woman to receive a doctoral degree in psychology [28]
Dewey Redman jazz saxophonist
Mr. T (real name Laurence Tureaud) Did not graduate Actor who played B. A. Baracus in The A-Team [29]
Otis Taylor member of 1969 World Champion Kansas City Chiefs Hall of Fame
Calvin Waller 1959 U.S. Army General and Deputy Commander-in-Chief in the Persian Gulf War [30]
Craig Washington 1966 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives for the 18th district of Texas from 1989 to 1994 [31]
Craig Watkins 1990 District attorney of Dallas County, Texas since 2007 [32]
Dave Webster Former American Football League All-Pro football player for the Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs, Prairie View A&M University Hall of Fame inductee and one of the first blacks to play professional football in the American Football League.

References[]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Handbook of Texas Online". http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/PP/kcp6.html.
  2. Kliewer, Terry. "Rights probe begins in student vote flap." Houston Chronicle. Friday January 23, 2004. Retrieved on October 5, 2011.
  3. Home page. University College. Retrieved on October 5, 2011.
  4. Home page. University Village. Retrieved on October 5, 2011.
  5. "Department of Resident Life." Prairie View A&M University. Retrieved on October 5, 2011. "Incoming Freshman Housing" links to University College, "Returning Student Housing" links to University Village
  6. "COMPANY NEWS." Austin American-Statesman. June 27, 1998. D6. Retrieved on October 5, 2011. "American Campus Communities has been awarded projects totaling $52.5 million to develop, build and manage three student housing projects at Prairie View A&M University, Texas A&M University and Iona College."
  7. 7.0 7.1 "PVAMU Fact Book 1996–2001." Prairie View A&M University. 77. Retrieved on October 5, 2011.
  8. "Prairie View 1907 Football Results". http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_iaa/southwestern/prairie_view_a&m/yearly_results.php?year=1907.
  9. "Prairie View 1920 Football Results". http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_iaa/southwestern/prairie_view_a&m/yearly_results.php?year=1920.
  10. "SI.com – Photo Gallery – Memorable Losing Streaks". CNN. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/0702/gallery.losingstreaks/content.4.html.
  11. "Data: Girls hurt in cheerleading more than in other sports". The Houston Chronicle. Houston, TX. August 9, 2009. http://www.chron.com/sports/article/Data-Girls-hurt-in-cheerleading-more-than-in-1750822.php. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
  12. Dahl, Melissa (May 20, 2010). "Flying without a net: cheer injuries on rise". MSBNC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37020978/ns/health-fitness/t/flying-without-net-cheer-injuries-rise/. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
  13. Rose Parade Participants
  14. Cline, Georgette (July 12, 2012). "Kirko Bangz Sheds Light on Marriage, Houston Rap Veterans, Ditching College". The Boombox. http://www.theboombox.com/2012/07/12/kirko-bangz-marriage/. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  15. "Sebastian Barrie". pro-football-reference.com. http://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BarrSe20.htm. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  16. "Dr. J. Don Boney". Past Presidents, University of Houston–Downtown (2000), www.uhd.edu. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927210828/http://www.uhd.edu/about/president/boney.htm.
  17. Finder, Chuck (February 24, 2002). "Trail blazer: Willie 'The Pro' Thrower opened door for black quarterbacks". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://old.post-gazette.com/sports/columnists/20020224finder0224p1.asp. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  18. "Arts and Sciences Alumni Make Their Mark". PreView. Prairie View A&M University College of Arts and Sciences. 2007. pp. 6. http://sacs.pantherconnect.com/assets/library/PreView5.pdf.
  19. "Brown, Tony Russell (Charles)". Handbook of Texas Online. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fbrcf. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  20. "CLEAVER, Emanuel, II, (1944 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C001061. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  21. PVPantherAthletics YouTube channel (October 19, 2011). "Prairie View A&M Baseball Receives Visit From Cecil Cooper". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NfO0cV_D70.
  22. Birchmeier, Jason. "Dorrough Biography". allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dorrough-mn0002132219. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  23. "Terry Ellis". HBCU Connect. http://hbcuconnect.com/content/61038/terry-ellis. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  24. http://www.pvamu.edu/files/oasa/catalog/2003-2004/graduate/Officer%2520of%2520Instructions.pdf
  25. http://www.clementeglennforgovernor.com/about.htm
  26. "Louise Daniel Hutchinson Interviews". Record Unit 9558. Smithsonian Institution Archives. http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_217726. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  27. Ambrose, Patrick (September 2009). "DJ Premier: Hope to the Underground". The Morning News. http://www.themorningnews.org/article/dj-premier-hope-to-the-underground. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
  28. Benjamin, Ludy T. (November 2008), "America's first black female psychologist", The Monitor (American Psychological Association) 39 (10): p. 20, http://www.apa.org/monitor/2008/11/prosser.aspx
  29. "Mr. T biography". Biography.com. A&E Networks. http://www.biography.com/people/mr-t-413140. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  30. "Waller, Lt. General Calvin (1937–1996)". Blackpast.org. http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/waller-lt-general-calvin-1937-1996. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  31. "WASHINGTON, Craig Anthony, (1941 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=W000177. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  32. Timms, Ed; Emily, Jennifer, and Jeffers, Gromer Jr. (July 16, 2011). "After acclaim for exoneree work, Dallas DA Craig Watkins taking hits". The Dallas Morning News. http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community-news/dallas/headlines/20110716-after-acclaim-for-exoneree-work-dallas-da-craig-watkins-taking-hits-.ece. Retrieved February 22, 2013.

External links[]

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Coordinates: 30°05′31″N 95°59′22″W / 30.09194°N 95.98944°W / 30.09194; -95.98944

es:Universidad Prairie View A&M simple:Prairie View A&M University

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