Changes: Iowa

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-{{about|Iowa}}
+----
-{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}
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-{{pp-move-indef}}
-{{Infobox U.S. state
-| Name=Iowa
-| Fullname = State of Iowa
-| Flag = Flag of Iowa.svg
-| Flaglink = [[Flag of Iowa|Flag]]
-| Seal = Iowa-StateSeal.svg
-| Map = Iowa in United States.svg
-| Nickname=The [[Hawkeye State]]<ref name=TravelIowa>{{cite web|url=http://www.traveliowa.com/statesymbols.aspx|title=State Symbols|publisher=Iowa Department of Economic Development|accessdate=September 9, 2011}}</ref> <!--Do not change the state nickname; it is inextricably referenced as the Hawkeye State. Any edits that change this will be reverted.-->
-| Former = Iowa Territory
-| Number of Representatives elected to U.S. Congress = 4
-| Demonym = Iowan
-| Motto = Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain.
-| Capital = [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]]
-| OfficialLang = English
-| LargestCity = capital
-| LargestMetro = [[Des Moines metropolitan area]]
-| Governor = [[Terry E. Branstad]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
-| Lieutenant Governor = [[Kim Reynolds]] (R)
-| Legislature = [[Iowa General Assembly|General Assembly]]
-| Upperhouse = [[Iowa Senate|Senate]]
-| Lowerhouse = [[Iowa House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
-| Senators = [[Chuck Grassley]] (R)<br />[[Tom Harkin]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
-| Representative=2 Democrats, 2 Republicans
-| PostalAbbreviation = IA
-| AreaRank = 26th
-| TotalAreaUS = 56,272
-| TotalArea = 145,743
-| PCWater = 0.70
-| PopRank = 30th
-| 2010Pop = 3,074,186 (2012 est)<ref name=PopEstUS/>
-| DensityRank = 36th
-| 2000DensityUS = 54.8
-| 2000Density = 21.2
-| MedianHouseholdIncome = $48,075
-| IncomeRank = 24th
-| AdmittanceOrder = 29th
-| AdmittanceDate = December 28, 1846
-| TimeZone = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] [[Central Standard Time|-6]]/[[Central Daylight Time|-5]]
-| Latitude = 40° 23′ N to 43° 30′ N
-| Longitude = 90° 8′ W to 96° 38′ W
-| LengthUS = 199
-| Length = 320
-| WidthUS = 310
-| Width = 500
-| HighestPoint = [[Hawkeye Point]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|title=Elevations and Distances in the United States|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|year=2001|accessdate=October 21, 2011}}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref>
-| HighestElevUS = 1,671
-| HighestElev = 509
-| MeanElevUS = 1,100
-| MeanElev = 340
-| LowestPoint = Confluence of {{nobreak|[[Mississippi River]]}} and {{nobreak|[[Des Moines River]]}}<ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88/>
-| LowestElevUS = 480
-| LowestElev = 146
-| ISOCode = US-IA
-| Website = www.iowa.gov
-}}
-'''Iowa''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Iowa.ogg|ˈ|aɪ|.|ə|w|ə}}) is a [[U.S. state]] located in the [[Midwestern United States]], an area often referred to as the "American Heartland". Iowa was a part of the French [[French colonial empire|colony]] of [[New France]]. After the [[Louisiana Purchase]], settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the [[Corn Belt]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Merry, Carl A.|year=1996|title=The Historic Period|publisher=Office of the State Archeologist at the University of Iowa|url=http://www.uiowa.edu/~osa/learn/historic/hisper.htm|accessdate=June 29, 2009}}</ref>  Iowa is occasionally known, by Iowans, as the "Food Capital of the World".<ref name=iaindustries>{{cite web|title=Major Industries in Iowa|publisher=Iowa Department of Economic Development|url=http://www.iowalifechanging.com/downloads/iaindustries.pdf |format=PDF |archiveurl=http://www.iowalifechanging.com/downloads/iaindustries.pdf|archivedate=May 20, 2005|accessdate=June 29, 2009}}</ref>
-In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy made the transition to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production.<ref name=iaindustries /><ref name="energy.iastate.edu">{{cite web|title=Wind Energy in Iowa|url=http://www.energy.iastate.edu/renewable/wind/|publisher=Iowa Energy Center|accessdate=August 8, 2009}}</ref>  Iowa is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|26th most extensive]] in land area and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|30th most populous]] of the [[50 United States]].  Its [[List of capitals in the United States|capital]] and largest city is [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]]. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live.<ref>{{cite web |title= N.H. Receives Lowest Crime Ranking; Nevada Ranks as Worst State|url= http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2009/03/25/99012.htm?print=1|work=Insurance Journal|publisher=Wells Publishing|date= March 25, 2009|accessdate=August 8, 2009}}</ref>
+'''Take me to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa {{pagename}}] article on Wikipedia'''.
-== Etymology ==
-Iowa derives its name from the [[Ioway]] people, one of the many [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alex, Lynn M. |year=2000 |title=Iowa's Archaeological Past |publisher=University of Iowa Press, Iowa City}}</ref>
-==Geography==
+Click here to return to the [http://americanfootballdatabase.wikia.com/wiki/Football_Wiki American Football Database] main page or just hit your browsers back button to return to your previous page.
-===Boundaries===
-{{See also|List of counties in Iowa}}
-[[File:Iowa topography.jpg|thumb|350px|Topography of Iowa, with counties and major streams.]]
+----
-Iowa is bordered by the [[Mississippi River]] on the east; the [[Missouri River]] and the [[Big Sioux River]] on the west; the northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude.<ref>{{cite book |title=Preamble to the 1857 Constitution of the State of Iowa |url=http://www.legis.state.ia.us/Constitution.html#pre1 |accessdate=August 9, 2009}}</ref><ref group=note>It should be noted that the Missouri and Mississippi river boundaries are as they were mapped in the 19th century, which can vary from their modern courses.</ref>  The southern border is the [[Des Moines River]] and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] in ''[[State of Missouri v. State of Iowa (1849)|Missouri v. Iowa]]''<ref>[[Case citation|48 U.S. (7 How.) 660 (1849).]]</ref> after a standoff between [[Missouri]] and Iowa known as the [[Honey War]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Jeff|last=Morrison|title=Forty-Thirty-five or fight?  Sullivan's Line, the Honey War, and latitudinal estimations|url=http://homepage.mac.com/jeffmorrison/maps/sullivanline.html|date=January 13, 2005|accessdate=August 9, 2009}}</ref>
+These Redirect pages should be eliminated in either of two ways.
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+Things to think about:
-Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.50states.com/facts/iowa.htm|title=Iowa Fast Facts and Trivia|accessdate=February 24, 2013}}</ref>
+* #1 Creating our own page for this article may add a superfluous amount of pages.
+* #2 Some of these article links may be on hundreds of pages that would need direct links.
-Iowa has 99 [[county (US)|counties]], but 100 [[county seat]]s because [[Lee County, Iowa|Lee County]] has two. The state capital, [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]], is located in [[Polk County, Iowa|Polk County]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/research/data/Pages/CountySeats.aspx|title=National Association of Counties |publisher=County Seats|accessdate=December 24, 2010}}</ref>
-[[File:Desoto Lake1.jpg|thumb|250px|DeSoto lake at [[DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge]], Iowa.]]
-[[File:Fountain-Springs-Park Delaware-County,-Iowa Sunday,-September-4,-2011 tour-03.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Fountain Springs Park]] in Delaware County, Iowa.]]
-===Geology and terrain===
-{{Main|Geology of Iowa}}
-Iowa's bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east. In northwest Iowa, [[Cretaceous]] bedrock can be 74 million years old, in eastern Iowa [[Cambrian]] bedrock dates to ca. 500 million years ago.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prior |first1=Jean Cutler |others=Adapted from ''Iowa Geology 2007'', [[Iowa Department of Natural Resources]] |title=Geology of Iowa: Iowa's Earth History Shaped by Ice, Wind, Rivers, and Ancient Seas |url=http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/geoiowa/GEOIOWA.HTM |accessdate=August 9, 2009 |publisher=Iowa Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey}}</ref>
-Iowa is generally not flat; most of the state consists of rolling hills. Prior<ref>Prior, Jean C. (1991) ''Landforms of Iowa.'' University of Iowa Press, Iowa City. [http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/landform.htm Uiowa.edu]</ref> divides Iowa into eight [[landform]]s based on [[glaciation]], [[soil]]s, [[topography]], and river drainage.  [[Loess]] hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/info/loess/ | title= Geology of the Loess Hills, Iowa | year= 1999 | month= July | accessdate=March 26, 2008 | publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref>  In the northeast, along the Mississippi River, is a section of the [[Driftless Zone]], which in Iowa consists of steep hills and valleys which appear almost mountainous.
-There are several natural lakes in the state, most notably [[Spirit Lake (Iowa)|Spirit Lake]], [[West Okoboji Lake]], and [[East Okoboji Lake]] in northwest Iowa (''see [[Iowa Great Lakes]]''). To the east lies [[Clear Lake, Iowa|Clear Lake]]. Man-made lakes include Lake Odessa,<ref name=Odessa>{{cite web|url=http://www.iowadnr.com/fish/fishing/lakes/ode58.html|title=Odessa|publisher=Iowa Department of Natural Resources|accessdate=June 6, 2009}}</ref> [[Saylorville Lake]], [[Lake Red Rock (Des Moines River)|Lake Red Rock]], [[Coralville Lake]], Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake.  The northwest part of the state also contains a considerable number of remnants of the once common wetland areas such as [[Barringer Slough]].
-===Ecology and environment===
-{{main|Environment of Iowa}}
-Iowa's natural vegetation is [[tallgrass prairie]] and [[savanna]] in upland areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys, and pothole wetlands in northern prairie areas.<ref>Prior, Jean C. (1991) ''Landforms of Iowa.'' University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.</ref> Most of Iowa is used for agriculture; crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands (mostly pasture and hay with some prairie and wetland) cover 30%, and forests cover 7%; urban areas and water cover another 1% each.<ref>Iowa DNR: Iowa's Statewide Land Cover Inventory, [http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/Browse/landcvr/landcvr.htm Uiowa.edu]</ref> The explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased risk of rural water contamination and a perceived decline in air quality.<ref name="ISU 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.card.iastate.edu/iowa_ag_review/summer_03/article1.aspx|title=Living with Hogs in Rural Iowa|year=2003|work=Iowa Ag Review|publisher=[[Iowa State University]]|accessdate=November 25, 2009}}</ref> Other factors negatively affecting Iowa's environment include the extensive use of older coal-fired power plants,<ref name="gazette coal">{{cite news|url=http://gazetteonline.com/breaking-news/2009/11/24/report-many-iowa-coal-plants-among-nations-oldest|title=Report: Many Iowa coal plants among nation's oldest|last=Heldt|first=Diane|date=November 24, 2009|work=Cedar Rapids Gazette|accessdate=November 25, 2009}}</ref> fertilizer and pesticide runoff from crop production,<ref name="IPT runoff">{{cite web|url=http://www.iptv.org/iowajournal/story.cfm/556|title=Iowa Works to Reduce Run-off Polluting the Gulf of Mexico|date=September 17, 2009|work=The Iowa Journal|publisher=Iowa Public Television|accessdate=November 25, 2009}}</ref> and diminishment of the [[Jordan Aquifer]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gazetteonline.com/local-news/2009/12/06/heavy-use-draining-aquifer|title=Heavy use draining aquifer|last=Love|first=Orlan|date=December 6, 2009|publisher=Cedar Rapids Gazette|accessdate=December 20, 2009}}</ref>
-There is a dearth of natural areas in Iowa; less than 1% of the tallgrass prairie that once covered most of Iowa remains intact; only about 5% of the state's prairie pothole wetlands remain, and most of the original forest has been lost.<ref>Iowa's Threatened and Endangered Species Program, [http://www.iowadnr.gov/other/threatened.html Iowadnr.gov]</ref> Iowa ranks 49th of U.S. states in public land holdings.<ref>Iowa Must Step Up Investment in Public Lands "Des Moines Register", June 1, 2005, [http://www.nicholasjohnson.org/politics/IaChild/eddmr601.html Nicholasjohnson.org]</ref> Threatened or endangered animals in Iowa include the [[Least Tern|Interior Least Tern]], [[Piping Plover]], [[Indiana Bat]], [[Sturgeon|Pallid Sturgeon]], the [[Discus macclintocki|Iowa Pleistocene Land Snail]], [[Mussel|Higgins' Eye Pearly Mussel]], and the [[Shiner (fish)|Topeka Shiner]].<ref>Federally Listed Animals in Iowa, [http://www.agriculture.state.ia.us/livingOnTheEdge/endangeredAnimals.asp Agriculture.state.ia.us]</ref> Endangered or threatened plants include [[Western Prairie Fringed Orchid]], [[Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid]], [[Milkweed|Mead's Milkweed]], [[Bush Clover|Prairie Bush Clover]], and [[Northern Wild Monkshood]].<ref>Federally Listed Plants in Iowa, [http://www.agriculture.state.ia.us/livingOnTheEdge/endangeredPlants.asp Agriculture.state.ia.us]</ref>
-===Climate===
-[[File:Iowa rainfall.jpg|thumb|250px|Iowa annual rainfall, in inches.]]
-Iowa, like most of the [[Midwest]], has a [[humid continental climate]] throughout the state ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfa'') with extremes of both heat and cold. The average annual temperature at [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]] is {{convert|50|F}}; for some locations in the north the figure is under {{convert|45|F}}, while [[Keokuk, Iowa|Keokuk]], on the [[Mississippi River]], averages {{convert|52|F}}. Winters are often harsh and snowfall is common.
-Spring ushers in the beginning of the [[severe weather]] season. Iowa averages about 50 days of [[thunderstorm]] activity per year.<ref name="Thunderstorm Hazard">[http://www.srh.noaa.gov/key/HTML/tstmhazards.htm US Thunderstorm distribution]. src.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 13, 2008.</ref> [[Tornado]]es are common during the spring and summer months, with an average of 37 tornadoes in a single year.<ref name="Annual Average Number of Tornadoes">[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/img/climate/research/tornado/small/avgt5304.gif Mean Annual Average Number of Tornadoes 1953–2004]. ncdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 1, 2006.</ref> In [[Late-May 2008 tornado outbreak sequence|2008]], twelve people were killed by tornadoes in Iowa, making it the deadliest year since [[May 1968 tornado outbreak|1968]] and also the second most tornadoes in a year with 105, matching the total from 2001.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.usatoday.com/weather/storms/tornadoes/2009-01-02-iowa-tornadoes_N.htm?csp=34 | accessdate =January 2, 2009 | work=USA Today | title=2008 Iowa tornadoes deadliest since 1968 | date=January 2, 2009}}</ref>
-Iowa summers are known for heat and humidity, with daytime temperatures often near {{convert|90|F}} and sometimes exceeding {{convert|100|F}}. Average winters in the state have been known to drop well below freezing, even dropping below {{convert|-18|F}}. Iowa's all-time hottest temperature of {{convert|118|F|C}} was recorded at [[Keokuk, Iowa|Keokuk]] on July 20, 1934; the all-time lowest temperature of {{convert|-47|F|C}} was recorded at [[Elkader, Iowa|Elkader]] on February 3, 1996.
-{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
-| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;background:#E8EAFA;"|Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Iowa Cities (°F)
-|-
-!  style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000; height:17px;"| City
-! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Jan
-! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Feb
-! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Mar
-! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Apr
-! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| May
-! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Jun
-! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Jul
-! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Aug
-! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Sep
-! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Oct
-! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Nov
-! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Dec
-|-
-!  style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000; height:16px;"| Davenport<ref name= weather.com>{{cite web|title=Monthly Averages for Davenport, Iowa|url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/allergies/wxclimatology/monthly/52804|publisher=Weather.com|accessdate =November 1, 2008}}</ref>
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 30/13
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 36/19
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 48/29
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 61/41
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 72/52
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 81/63
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 85/68
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 83/66
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 76/57
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 65/45
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 48/32
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 35/20
-|-
-!  style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px;"| Des Moines<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/fitness/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIA0231 |title=Average Weather for Des Moines, IA – Temperature and Precipitation |publisher=Weather.com |accessdate=February 18, 2012}}</ref>
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 31/14
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 36/19
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 49/30
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 62/41
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 72/52
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 82/62
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 86/67
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 84/65
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 76/55
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 63/43
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 48/31
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 34/18
-|-
-!  style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000; height:16px;"| Keokuk<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/fitness/wxclimatology/daily/USIA0434 |title=Daily Averages for Keokuk, IA |publisher=weather.com |accessdate=February 18, 2012}}</ref>
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 34/17
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 39/21
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 50/30
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 63/42
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 73/52
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 83/62
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 87/67
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 85/65
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 78/56
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 66/44
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 51/33
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 33/21
-|-
-!  style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000; height:16px;"| Mason City<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/fitness/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIA0541 |title=Average Weather for Mason City, IA – Temperature and Precipitation |publisher=Weather.com |accessdate=February 18, 2012}}</ref>
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 24/6
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 29/12
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 41/23
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 57/35
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 69/46
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 79/57
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 82/61
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 80/58
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 73/49
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 60/37
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 43/25
-| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#000;"| 28/11
-|-
-!  style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px;"| Sioux City<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/fitness/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIA0793 |title=Average Weather for Sioux City, IA – Temperature and Precipitation |publisher=Weather.com |accessdate=February 18, 2012}}</ref>
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 31/10
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 35/15
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 47/26
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 62/37
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 73/49
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 82/59
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 86/63
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 83/63
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 76/51
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 63/38
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 46/25
-| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;"| 32/13
-|-
-| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#E8EAFA;"|''[http://www.ustravelweather.com/iowa/]''
-|}
-Iowa has a relatively smooth gradient of varying [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] across the state, with areas in the southeast of the state receiving an average of over {{convert|38|in|cm}} of rain annually, and the northwest of the state receiving less than {{convert|28|in|cm}}.<ref>[http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/pcpn/ia.gif Average Annual Precipitation Iowa, 1961–1990 (GIF File)] – Christopher Daly, Jenny Weisburg</ref>  The pattern of precipitation across Iowa is seasonal, with more rain falling in the summer months.  In Des Moines, roughly in the center of the state, over two-thirds of the {{convert|34.72|in|cm}} of rain falls from April through September, and about half of the average annual precipitation falls from May through August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIA0231 |title=Average Weather for Des Moines, IA – Temperature and Precipitation, Weather.com, Retrieved Jan. 7, 2009 |publisher=Weather.com |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref>
-==Prehistory==
-[[File:Iowa archaeology edgewater.JPG|thumb|250px|Excavation of the 3,800 year old [[Edgewater Park Site]].]]
-{{Main|Iowa archaeology|Indians of Iowa}}
-When [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American Indians]] first arrived in what is now Iowa more than 13,000 years ago, they were hunters and gatherers living in a [[Pleistocene]] glacial landscape. By the time European explorers visited Iowa, American Indians were largely settled farmers with complex economic, social, and political systems. This transformation happened gradually. During the Archaic period (10,500–2,800 years ago), American Indians adapted to local environments and ecosystems, slowly becoming more sedentary as populations increased.
-More than 3,000 years ago, during the Late Archaic period, American Indians in Iowa began utilizing domesticated plants. The subsequent Woodland period saw an increased reliance on agriculture and social complexity, with increased use of mounds, ceramics, and specialized subsistence. During the Late Prehistoric period (beginning about AD 900) increased use of maize and social changes led to social flourishing and nucleated settlements.
-The arrival of European trade goods and diseases in the Protohistoric period led to dramatic population shifts and economic and social upheaval, with the arrival of new tribes and early European explorers and traders. There were numerous Indian tribes living in Iowa at the time of early European exploration. Tribes which were probably descendants of the prehistoric [[Oneota]] include the [[Sioux|Dakota]], [[Ho-Chunk]], [[Ioway]], and [[Otoe (tribe)|Otoe]]. Tribes which arrived in Iowa in the late prehistoric or protohistoric periods include the [[Illiniwek]], [[Meskwaki]], [[Omaha (tribe)|Omaha]], and [[Sauk people|Sauk]].<ref>Alex, Lynn M. (2000) ''Iowa's Archaeological Past.'' University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.</ref>
-==History==
-{{Main|History of Iowa}}
-===Early exploration and trade, 1673–1808===
-[[File:Iowa 1718.jpg|thumb|250px|Iowa in 1718. Modern state area highlighted.]]
-The first known European explorers to document Iowa were [[Jacques Marquette]] and [[Louis Jolliet]] who traveled the [[Mississippi River]] in 1673 documenting several Indian villages on the Iowa side.<ref name="peterson2009">{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=Cynthia L.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=12–29|chapter=Historical Tribes and Early Forts|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|url=http://uipress.uiowa.edu/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm}}</ref><ref>History of Iowa, Iowa Official Register, [http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html Publications.iowa.gov]</ref> The area of Iowa was claimed for France and remained a French territory until 1763. The French, prior to their impending defeat in the [[French and Indian War]], transferred ownership to their ally, Spain.<ref>Herbermann, Charles. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church''. Encyclopedia Press, 1913, p. 380 (Original from Harvard University).</ref> Spain practiced very loose control over the Iowa region, granting trading licenses to French and British traders, who established trading posts along the Mississippi and [[Des Moines River]]s.<ref name="peterson2009" />
-Iowa was part of a territory known as [[Louisiana (New France)|''La Louisiane'']] or [[Louisiana]], and European traders were interested in lead and furs obtained by Indians. The [[Sauk people|Sauk]] and [[Meskwaki]] effectively controlled trade on the Mississippi in the late 18th century and early 19th century. Among the early traders on the Mississippi were [[Julien Dubuque]], [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle|Robert La Salle]], and [[Paul Marin de la Malgue|Paul Marin]].<ref name="peterson2009" /> Along the [[Missouri River]] at least five French and English trading houses were built prior to 1808.<ref name="carlson2009">{{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Gayle F.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=104–120|chapter=Fort Atkinson, Nebraska, 1820–1827, and Other Missouri River Sites|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|url=http://uipress.uiowa.edu/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm}}</ref> In 1800, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] took control of Louisiana from Spain in a [[Third Treaty of San Ildefonso|treaty]].
-After the 1803 [[Louisiana Purchase]], Iowa was placed under United States control. Much of Iowa was mapped by [[Zebulon Pike]] in 1805,<ref>Pike (1965): The expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike to headwaters of the [[Mississippi River]], through [[Louisiana Territory]], and in [[New Spain]], during the years June 7, 1805, Ross & Haines</ref> but it was not until the construction of [[Fort Madison, Iowa|Fort Madison]] in 1808 that the U.S. established tenuous military control over the region.<ref name="mckusick2009">{{cite book|last=McKusick|first=Marshall B.|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|editor=William E. Whittaker|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|pages=55–74|chapter=Fort Madison, 1808–1813|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|url=http://uipress.uiowa.edu/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm}}</ref>
-===War of 1812 and unstable U.S. control===
-[[File:Fort Madison 1810.jpg|thumb|200px|Plan of [[Fort Madison]], 1810.]]
-[[Fort Madison, Iowa|Fort Madison]] was built to control trade and establish U.S. dominance over the Upper Mississippi, but it was poorly designed and disliked by the Sauk and [[Ho-Chunk]], many of whom allied with the British, who had not abandoned claims to the territory.<ref name="mckusick2009" /><ref>Prucha, Francis P. (1969) ''The Sword of the Republic: The United States Army on the Frontier 1783–1846''. Macmillan, New York.</ref> Fort Madison was defeated by British-supported Indians in 1813 during the [[War of 1812]], and [[Fort Shelby (Wisconsin)|Fort Shelby]] in [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]], also fell to the British. [[Black Hawk (chief)|Black Hawk]] took part in the siege of Fort Madison.<ref>Jackson, Donald (1960), ''A Critic's View of Old Fort Madison'', Iowa Journal of History and Politics 58(1) pp.31–36</ref><ref>Black Hawk (1882) ''Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk.'' Continental Printing, St. Louis. (Originally published 1833)</ref>
-After the war, the U.S. reestablished control of the region through the construction of [[Fort Armstrong, Illinois|Fort Armstrong]], [[Fort Snelling]] in [[Minnesota]], and [[Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)|Fort Atkinson]] in [[Nebraska]].<ref name="iowaforts">{{cite book|last=Whittaker|first=William E. (editor)|title=Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862|publisher=University of Iowa Press|location=Iowa City|year=2009|isbn=978-1-58729-831-8|url=http://uipress.uiowa.edu/books/2009-fall/whittaker.htm}}</ref>
-===Trade and Indian removal, 1814–1832===
-[[File:Iowa 1905 Census Map Indian Terr Accessions.jpg|thumb|250px|A map of Iowa Indian Territory Accessions.]]
-The U.S. encouraged settlement of the east side of the Mississippi and removal of Indians to the west. Trade continued in furs and lead, but disease and forced population movement decimated Indian cultures and economies. A disputed 1804 treaty between [[Quashquame]] and [[William Henry Harrison]] that surrendered much of [[Illinois]] to the U.S. enraged many Sauk and led to the 1832 [[Black Hawk War]]. As punishment for the uprising, and as part of a larger settlement strategy, treaties were subsequently designed to remove all Indians from Iowa.
-The Sauk and Meskwaki were pushed out of the Mississippi valley in 1832, out of the [[Iowa River]] valley in 1843, and out of Iowa altogether in 1846. Many Meskwaki later returned to Iowa and settled near Tama, Iowa; the [[Meskwaki Settlement]] remains to this day. In 1856 the Iowa Legislature passed an unprecedented act allowing the Meskawki to purchase the land; Indians were not usually permitted to do so. The [[Ho-Chunk]] were removed from Iowa in 1850, and the [[Sioux|Dakota]] were removed by the late 1850s. Western Iowa around modern [[Council Bluffs, Iowa|Council Bluffs]] was used as a way station for other tribes being moved west, including the [[Potawatomi]].
-===U.S. settlement and statehood, 1832–1860===
-[[File:Iowa territorial seal.jpg|thumb|150px|Iowa [[Seal of Iowa#Iowa territorial seal|Territorial Seal]].]]
-The first American settlers officially moved to Iowa in June 1833.<ref name=Settlers>{{cite web|url=http://publications.iowa.gov/135/1/history/7-1.html|title=History of Iowa|publisher=Iowa State University|author=Schwieder, Dorothy|accessdate=June 6, 2009}}</ref>  Primarily, they were families from [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], New York, [[Indiana]], [[Kentucky]], and [[Virginia]].<ref name=Settlers/>  On July 4, 1838, the [[U.S. Congress]] established the [[Territory of Iowa]].  President [[Martin Van Buren]] appointed [[Robert Lucas (governor)|Robert Lucas]] governor of the territory, which at the time had 22 counties and a population of 23,242.<ref>Iowa Official Register, Volume Number 60, page 314</ref>
-Almost immediately after achieving territorial status, a clamor arose for statehood.  On December 28, 1846, Iowa became the 29th state in the Union when President [[James K. Polk]] signed Iowa's admission bill into law.  Once admitted to the Union, the state's boundary issues resolved, and most of its land purchased from the Indians, Iowa set its direction to development and organized campaigns for settlers and investors, boasting the young frontier state's rich farmlands, fine citizens, free and open society, and good government.<ref>"Official Encouragement of Immigration to Iowa", Marcus L. Hansen, ''IJHP", 19 (April 1921):159–95</ref>
-Iowa has a long tradition of state and county fairs.  The first and second [[Iowa State Fair]]s were held in the more developed eastern part of the state at [[Fairfield, Iowa|Fairfield]]. The first fair was held October 25–27, 1854, at a cost of around $323. Thereafter, the fair moved to locations closer to the center of the state and in 1886 found a permanent home in Des Moines. The State Fair has been held every year since except for the year 1898 due to the [[Spanish-American War]] and the [[World's Fair]] being held in nearby [[Omaha, Nebraska]]. The fair was also a World War II wartime casualty from 1942–1945.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iowastatefair.com/about/trivia.php|title=Iowa State Fair|publisher=Trivia |accessdate=December 12, 2010}}</ref>
-===Civil War, 1861–1865===
-[[File:Kirkwoods 1852.jpg|thumb|250px|Jane and Samuel Kirkwood, 1852.]]
-Iowa supported the Union during the Civil War, voting heavily for [[Abraham Lincoln]], though there was a strong antiwar "[[Copperheads (politics)|Copperhead]]" movement among settlers of southern origins and among Catholics.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} There were no battles in the state, although the battle of [[Athens, Missouri]], 1861, was fought just across the Des Moines River from [[Croton, Iowa]], and shot from the battle landed in Iowa. Iowa sent large supplies of food to the armies and the eastern cities.<ref name="Iowa Official Register page 315">Iowa Official Register, Volume No. 60, page 315</ref>
-Much of Iowa's support for the Union can be attributed to [[Samuel J. Kirkwood]], its wartime governor.  Of a total population of 675,000, about 116,000 men were subjected to military duty.  Iowa contributed proportionately more men to Civil War military service than did any other state, north or south, sending more than 75,000 volunteers to the armed forces, over one-sixth of whom were killed before the [[Confederate States of America|South]] surrendered at [[Battle of Appomattox Courthouse|Appomattox]].<ref name="Iowa Official Register page 315"/>
-Most fought in the great campaigns in the [[Mississippi Valley]] and in the [[American South|South]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iowanationalguard.com/Museum/IA_History/CivilWar.htm |title=Civil War |publisher=Iowanationalguard.com |accessdate=July 26, 2010}}</ref> Iowa troops fought at Wilson's Creek in [[Missouri]], [[Battle of Pea Ridge|Pea Ridge]] in [[Arkansas]], Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh, Chattanooga, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Rossville Gap as well as Vicksburg, Iuka, and Corinth.  They served with the Army of the Potomoc in [[Virginia]] and fought under Union General [[Philip Sheridan]] in the [[Shenandoah Valley]].  Many died and were buried at Andersonville.  They marched on General [[Nathaniel Banks]]' ill-starred expedition to the Red River.  Twenty-seven [[Iowans]] have been awarded the [[Medal of Honor]], the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government, which was first awarded in the Civil War.<ref>Iowa Official Register, Volume No. 60, pages 315–316</ref>
-Iowa had several brigadier generals and four major generals—[[Grenville Mellen Dodge]], [[Samuel R. Curtis]], [[Francis J. Herron]], and [[Frederick Steele]]—and saw many of its generals go on to state and national prominence following the war.<ref name="Iowa Official Register page 315"/>
-===Agricultural expansion, 1865–1930===
-[[File:Barclay barn 1875.jpg|thumb|250px|Iowa farm, 1875.]]
-Following the Civil War, Iowa's population continued to grow dramatically, from 674,913 people in 1860 to 1,194,020 in 1870. The introduction of railroads in the 1850s and 1860s transformed Iowa into a major agricultural producer.
-In 1917, the United States entered World War I and farmers as well as all Iowans experienced a wartime economy. For farmers, the change was significant. Since the beginning of the war in 1914, Iowa farmers had experienced economic prosperity. In the economic sector, Iowa also has undergone considerable change. Beginning with the first farm-related industries developed in the 1870s, Iowa has experienced a gradual increase in the number of business and manufacturing operations.
-===Depression, World War II, and the rise of manufacturing, 1930–1985===
-The transition from an agricultural economy to a mixed economy happened slowly. The [[Great Depression]] and World War II accelerated the shift away from smallholder farming to larger farms, and began a trend of urbanization that continues. The period since World War II has witnessed a particular increase in manufacturing operations. While agriculture continued to be the state's dominant industry, Iowans also produce a wide variety of products including refrigerators, washing machines, fountain pens, farm implements, and food products.
-The [[Farm crisis|Farm Crisis]] of the 1980s caused a major recession in Iowa, causing poverty not seen since the Depression.<ref>The Midwest Farm Crisis of the 1980s, [http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id395.htm Tripod.com]</ref> The crisis spurred a major population decline in Iowa that lasted a decade.<ref name="iwin.iwd.state.ia.us">Population Trends: The Changing Face of Iowa, [http://iwin.iwd.state.ia.us/iowa/ArticleReader?itemid=00003011 State.ia.us]</ref>
-===Reemergence as a mixed economy, 1985–present===
-After bottoming out in the 1980s, Iowa's economy began to become increasingly less dependent on agriculture, and now has a mix of manufacturing, biotechnology, finance and insurance services, and government services.<ref name="iowalifechanging.com">''Iowa Industries'', Iowa Workforce Development. [http://www.iowalifechanging.com/downloads/iaindustries.pdf Iowalifechanging.com]</ref> The population of Iowa has increased at a faster rate than the U.S. as a whole,<ref name="iwin.iwd.state.ia.us"/> and Iowa now has a predominantly urban population.<ref name="data.iowadatacenter.org">Iowa Data Center, 2000 Census: [http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/urbanrural/urstagesexbymalefemale2000.pdf Iowadatacenter.org]</ref>
-==Demographics==
-===Major Cities===
-[[File:Iowa population map.png|thumb|350px|Iowa population density map.]]
-{{See also|List of cities in Iowa|List of largest Iowa cities by population}}
-{|class="wikitable sortable"
-|+Iowa's largest cities and their surrounding areas<br><small>Recorded by the [[United States Census Bureau]]</small>
-|-
-! scope="col" |Rank
-! scope="col" class="unsortable" |City
-! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" |[[2010 United States Census|2010]]  city population<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?fpt=table|title=Population 2010 – Iowa Cities|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] American FactFinder|accessdate=August 4, 2011}}</ref>
-! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" |2011 city population<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2011/files/SUB-EST2011-IP.csv|title=Population 2011 – Iowa Cities|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] American FactFinder|accessdate=August 24, 2012}}</ref>
-! scope="col" class="unsortable" |[[Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
-! scope="col" style="width: 5em;"|2011 metro population<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_United_States_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas|title=Population 2011 – Metropolitan Statistical Area|accessdate=August 6, 2010| publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] American FactFinder}}</ref>
-|- align=right
-|align=center|1
-|align=left|[[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]]
-|203,433
-|206,599
-|align=left|[[Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA MSA|Des Moines–West Des Moines]]
-|580,255
-|- align=right
-|align=center|2
-|align=left|[[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]]
-|126,326
-|127,905
-|align=left|[[Cedar Rapids MSA|Cedar Rapids]]
-|260,575
-|- align=right
-|align=center|3
-|align=left|[[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]]
-|99,685
-|100,802
-|align=left|[[Davenport-Moline-Rock Island MSA|Quad Cities]]
-|381,342
-|- align=right
-|align=center|4
-|align=left|[[Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City]]
-|82,684
-|82,967
-|align=left|[[Sioux City metropolitan area|Sioux City]]
-|144,062
-|- align=right
-|align=center|5
-|align=left|[[Iowa City, Iowa|Iowa City]]
-|67,862
-|68,947
-|align=left|[[Iowa City metropolitan area|Iowa City]]
-|154,893
-|- align=right
-|align=center|6
-|align=left|[[Waterloo, Iowa|Waterloo]]
-|68,406
-|68,653
-|align=left|[[Waterloo – Cedar Falls metropolitan area|Waterloo–Cedar Falls]]
-|168,289
-|- align=right
-|align=center|7
-|align=left|[[Council Bluffs, Iowa|Council Bluffs]]
-|62,230
-|62,466
-|align=left|[[Omaha – Council Bluffs metropolitan area|Omaha–Council Bluffs]]
-|877,110
-|- align=right
-|align=center|8
-|align=left|[[Ames, Iowa|Ames]]
-|58,965
-|59,042
-|align=left|[[Ames, IA MSA|Ames]]
-|89,663
-|- align=right
-|align=center|9
-|align=left|[[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]]
-|57,637
-|58,234
-|align=left|[[Dubuque Metropolitan Area|Dubuque]]
-|94,648
-|- align=right
-|align=center|10
-|align=left|[[West Des Moines, Iowa|West Des Moines]]
-|56,609
-|57,909
-|align=left|Des Moines–West Des Moines
-|580,255
-|- align=right
-|align=center|11
-|align=left|[[Ankeny, Iowa|Ankeny]]
-|45,582
-|46,302
-|align=left| Des Moines–West Des Moines
-|580,255
-|- align=right
-|align=center|12
-|align=left|[[Urbandale, Iowa|Urbandale]]
-|39,463
-|40,311
-|align=left| Des Moines–West Des Moines
-|580,255
-|- align=right
-|align=center|13
-|align=left|[[Cedar Falls, Iowa|Cedar Falls]]
-|39,260
-|39,387
-|align=left| Waterloo–Cedar Falls
-|168,289
-|- align=right
-|align=center|14
-|align=left|[[Marion, Iowa|Marion]]
-|34,768
-|35,212
-|align=left| Cedar Rapids
-|260,575
-|- align=right
-|align=center|15
-|align=left|[[Bettendorf, Iowa|Bettendorf]]
-|33,217
-|33,599
-|align=left| Quad Cities
-|381,342
-|}
-===Population===
-{{USCensusPop
-|1840= 43112
-|1850= 192214
-|1860= 674913
-|1870= 1194020
-|1880= 1624615
-|1890= 1912297
-|1900= 2231853
-|1910= 2224771
-|1920= 2404021
-|1930= 2470939
-|1940= 2538268
-|1950= 2621073
-|1960= 2757537
-|1970= 2824376
-|1980= 2913808
-|1990= 2776755
-|2000= 2926324
-|2010= 3046355
-|estimate= 3074186
-|estyear= 2012
-|footnote= Source: 1910–2010<ref name="USCBRPD">{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=Resident Population Data|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=December 27, 2010}}</ref>
-}}
-The [[United States Census Bureau]] estimates that the population of Iowa was 3,074,186 on July 1, 2012, a 0.9% increase since the [[2010 United States Census]].<ref name=PopEstUS>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/national/totals/2012/index.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico:  April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012|format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]]|work=2012 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=December 2012|accessdate=December 24, 2012}}</ref>
-Of the residents of Iowa, 72.2% were born in Iowa, 23.2% were born in a different US state, 0.5% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 4.1% were foreign born.<ref>.http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk</ref>
-As of 2012, Iowa has an estimated population of 3,074,186, which is an increase of 10,089 people or 0.3%, from the prior year and an increase of 27,329 or 0.9%, since the year 2000. This is the first time the state has topped the three million mark in population. Iowa is the 30th most populated state in the country.<ref>{{cite web | title = DSM Register | publisher=United States Census Bureau | accessdate =December 28, 2008 | url = http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20081222/NEWS/81222009/1001/}}{{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In 2007, the latest demographic information available shows that the state had a natural increase of 53,706 people in population from the last census (that is 197,163 births minus 143,457 deaths) and a decrease of 11,754 due to net migration of people out of the state.
-[[Immigration to the United States|Immigration]] from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 29,386 people, while migration within the country produced a net loss of 41,140 people. 6.1% of Iowa's population were reported as under the age of five, 22.6% under 18, and 14.7% were 65 or older. Males made up approximately 49.2% of the population.<ref name="Census_Iowa_QuickFacts">{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/19000.html |title=Iowa QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref>  The population density of the state is 52.7 people per square mile.<ref>[Title=The New York Times 2008 Almanac|Author=edited by John W. Wright|Date=2007|Page=178]</ref> The [[center of population]] of Iowa is located in [[Marshall County, Iowa|Marshall County]], in the city of [[Marshalltown, Iowa|Marshalltown]].<ref>{{cite web | title = U.S. Census quickfacts | publisher=United States Census Bureau | accessdate =December 28, 2008 | url = http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/19000.html}}</ref>
-===Race and ancestry===
-According to the 2010 Census, 91.3% of the population was White (88.7% [[non-Hispanic white]]), 2.9% was Black or African American, 0.4% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.7% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 1.8% from two or more races. 5.0% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).<ref>[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/19000.html Iowa QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
-{{US Demographics}}
-Iowa's population included about 97,000 foreign-born (3.3%).<ref name="Census_Iowa_QuickFacts"/> Iowans are mostly of Western European descent. The five largest ancestry groups in Iowa are: [[German American|German]] (35.7%), [[Irish American|Irish]] (13.5%), [[British American|English]] (9.5%), American (6.6%), and [[Norwegian American|Norwegian]] (5.7%).
-===Rural to urban population shift===
-[[File:Iowa pop 00 to 09.jpg|thumb|350px|Percent population changes by counties in Iowa, 2000–2009. Dark Green counties have gains of more than 5%.<ref>Data from U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Modeled after Iowa Data Center Map, [http://www.iowadatacenter.org/maps/copercent2009 Iowadatacenter.org]</ref>]]
-[[File:Rural flight2.jpg|thumb|250px|Population age comparison between rural [[Pocahontas County, Iowa|Pocahontas County]] and urban [[Polk County, Iowa|Polk County]], illustrating the flight of young adults (red) to urban centers in Iowa.<ref>based on 2000 U.S. Census Data</ref>]]
-Iowa's population is more urban than rural, with 61 percent living in urban areas in 2000, a trend that began in the early 20th century.<ref name="data.iowadatacenter.org"/> Urban counties in Iowa grew 8.5% from 2000 to 2008, while rural counties declined by 4.2%.<ref>Iowans still flocking to cities, census stats show. ''Cedar Rapids Gazette'', June 30, 2009, [http://www.gazetteonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090701/NEWS/707019956/1001/NEWS Gazetteonline.com]</ref>  The shift from rural to urban has caused population increases in more urbanized counties such as [[Dallas County, Iowa|Dallas]], [[Johnson County, Iowa|Johnson]], [[Linn County, Iowa|Linn]], [[Polk County, Iowa|Polk]], and [[Scott County, Iowa|Scott]],  at the expense of more rural counties.<ref>U.S. Census Bureal State and County Quick Facts, [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/19000.html Census.gov]</ref>
-Iowa, in common with other Midwestern states (especially [[Kansas]], [[Nebraska]], [[North Dakota]], and [[South Dakota]]), is feeling the brunt of [[rural flight]], although Iowa has been gaining population since approximately 1990. Some smaller communities, such as [[Denison, Iowa|Denison]] and [[Storm Lake, Iowa|Storm Lake]], have mitigated this population loss through gains in immigrant laborers.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/14/books/14grim.html | work=The New York Times | first=William | last=Grimes | title=In This Small Town in Iowa the Future Speaks Spanish | date=September 14, 2005}}</ref>
-Another demographic problem for Iowa is the [[brain drain]], in which educated young adults leave the state in search of better prospects in higher education or employment. During the 1990s, Iowa had the second highest exodus rate for single, educated young adults, second only to North Dakota.<ref>''Iowa Brain Drain'', Iowa Civic Analysis Network, University of Iowa, [http://www.uiowa.edu/~ican/Papers%202006/braindrain122806.pdf Uiowa.edu]</ref> Significant loss of educated young people contributes to economic stagnation and the loss of services for remaining citizens.
-===Religion===
-[[File:Amana Colonies.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Amana Colonies]] were founded by [[Germans|German]] [[Pietists]].]]
-A 2001 survey from the [[City University of New York]] found that 52% of Iowans are [[Protestantism|Protestant]], while 23% are Catholic, and other religions made up 6%. 13% responded with non-religious, and 5% did not answer.<ref>{{cite web | title = American Religious Identification Survey 2001 | publisher=The Graduate Center of the City University of New York| url = http://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/ARIS/ARIS-PDF-version.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate =January 4, 2012}}</ref> An [[Association of Religion Data Archives|ARDA]] survey of 2000 found that the largest Protestant denominations were the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] with 268,543 adherents (15.5% of those whose religious membership was known) and the [[United Methodist Church]] with 248,211 (14.5%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/19_2000.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; Maps & Reports |publisher=Thearda.com |accessdate=January 4, 2012}}</ref>
-The study ''Religious Congregations & Membership: 2000''<ref>{{cite web | title = Religious Congregations & Membership: 2000 | publisher=Glenmary Research Center| url = http://www.glenmary.org/grc/RCMS_2000/maps/Largest_Group.jpg |format=jpg| accessdate =April 24, 2009}}</ref> found that in the southernmost two tiers of Iowa counties and in other counties in the center of the state, the largest religious group was the [[United Methodist Church]]; in the northeast part of the state, including [[Dubuque County, Iowa|Dubuque]] and Linn counties (where [[Cedar Rapids]] is located), the Catholic Church was the largest; and in ten counties, including three in the northern tier, the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] was the largest. The study also found rapid growth in Evangelical Christian denominations. Dubuque is home to a Catholic archdiocese, which spans the northeastern section of Iowa.
-Historically, religious sects and orders who desired to live apart from the rest of society established themselves in Iowa, such as the [[Amish]] and [[Mennonite]] near [[Kalona, Iowa|Kalona]] and in other parts of eastern Iowa such as [[Davis County, Iowa|Davis County]] and [[Buchanan County, Iowa|Buchanan County]].<ref>Elmer Schwieder and Dorothy Schwieder (2009) ''A Peculiar People: Iowa's Old Order Amish'' University of Iowa Press</ref> Other religious sects and orders living apart include [[Quakers]] around [[West Branch, Iowa|West Branch]] and [[Le Grand, Iowa|Le Grand]], German [[Pietists]] who founded the [[Amana Colonies]], followers of [[Transcendental Meditation]] who founded [[Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa|Maharishi Vedic City]], and [[Cistercian]] monks and nuns at the [[New Melleray Abbey|New Melleray]] and [[Our Lady of the Mississippi Abbey|Our Lady of the Mississippi]] Abbies near [[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]].
-===Language===
-English is the most common language used in Iowa, used by 94% of the population.<ref name="Language">{{cite web|url=http://www.city-data.com/states/Iowa-Languages.html|title=Iowa- Languages|publisher=City Data|accessdate=July 28, 2010}}</ref> [[William Labov]] and colleagues, in the monumental ''Atlas of North American English''<ref>Labov, W., S. Ash, and C. Boberg, ''Atlas of North American English.'' Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter, 2006. [http://www.mouton-online.com/anae.php Mouton-online.com]</ref> found that the English spoken in Iowa divides into two large linguistic regions. Natives of northern Iowa – including [[Sioux City]], [[Fort Dodge]], and the [[Waterloo, Iowa|Waterloo]] region – tend to speak the dialect that linguists call [[North Central American English]], which is also found in [[North Dakota|North]] and [[South Dakota]], [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], and [[Michigan]]. Natives of central and southern Iowa – including such cities as [[Council Bluffs, Iowa|Council Bluffs]], [[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]], [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]], and [[Iowa City, Iowa|Iowa City]] – tend to speak the [[Midland American English|North Midland]] dialect also found in Nebraska, central Illinois, and central Indiana.<ref>{{cite web | title = Atlas of North American English | publisher=The University of Pennsylvania| url = http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/maps/MapsNC/Map1NC.html | accessdate =January 5, 2008}}</ref>
-After English, Spanish is the second-most-common language spoken in Iowa, with 120,000 people in Iowa of Hispanic or Latino origin<ref>2000 U.S. Census: [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US19&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-redoLog=false&-mt_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G2000_B03001 Census.gov]</ref> and 47,000 people born in Latin America.<ref>2000 U.S. Census: [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US19&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-mt_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G2000_C05006&-CONTEXT=dt Census.gov]</ref> The third-most-common language is German, spoken by 17,000 people in Iowa;<ref name="Language" /> two notable German dialects used in Iowa include [[Amana German]] spoken around the [[Amana Colonies]], and [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania German]], spoken among the [[Amish]] in Iowa. No other language is spoken by more than 0.5 percent of the Iowa population.<ref name="Language" /> The only [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|indigenous language]] used regularly in Iowa is [[Fox language|Meskwaki]], used around the [[Meskwaki Settlement]].<ref>Native American Languages, [http://www.native-languages.org/meskwaki-sauk.htm Native-languages.org]</ref>
-==Attractions==
-===Central Iowa===
-[[File:Des Moines skyline.jpg|thumb|Skyline of [[Des Moines]], Iowa's capital and largest city.]]
-[[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]] is the largest city in Iowa and the state's political and economic center.  It is home to the [[Iowa State Capitol]], the [[State Historical Society of Iowa]] Museum, [[Drake University]], [[Des Moines Art Center]], [[Des Moines Botanical Center]], [[Principal Riverwalk]],  the [[Iowa State Fair]], [[Terrace Hill]], and the [[World Food Prize]]. Nearby attractions include [[Adventureland (Iowa)|Adventureland]] in [[Altoona, Iowa|Altoona]], [[Living History Farms]] in [[Urbandale, Iowa|Urbandale]], [[Trainland USA]] in [[Colfax, Iowa|Colfax]], and the [[Iowa Speedway]] in [[Newton, Iowa|Newton]].
-[[File:RG Christina Reiman Butterfly Wing.jpg|thumb|left|The Christina Reiman Butterfly Wing at [[Iowa State University]], [[Ames, Iowa|Ames]].]] [[Ames, Iowa|Ames]] is the home of [[Iowa State University]], the [[Iowa State Center]], and [[Reiman Gardens]].
-[[Boone, Iowa|Boone]] hosts the biennial [[Farm Progress Show]] and is home to the [[Mamie Eisenhower|Mamie Doud Eisenhower]] museum, the [[Boone & Scenic Valley Railroad]], and [[Ledges State Park]]. The [[Meskwaki Settlement]] west of [[Tama, Iowa|Tama]] is the only American Indian settlement in Iowa and is host to a large annual [[Pow-wow]].
-The [[Clint Eastwood]] movie [[The Bridges of Madison County (film)|''The Bridges of Madison County'']], based on the popular novel of the same name, took place and was filmed in [[Madison County, Iowa|Madison County]].  Also in Madison County is the [[John Wayne]] Birthplace Museum in [[Winterset, Iowa|Winterset]].
-Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include [[Indianola, Iowa|Indianola]], [[Pella, Iowa|Pella]], [[Knoxville, Iowa|Knoxville]], [[Marshalltown, Iowa|Marshalltown]], [[Perry, Iowa|Perry]], and [[Story City, Iowa|Story City]].
-===Eastern Iowa===
-[[File:Old capital iowa city.jpg|left|thumb|Old Capitol, [[Iowa City]].]]
-[[File:Davenport Skybridge at night.jpg|right|thumb|Inside the [[Davenport Skybridge]].]]
-[[Iowa City]] is home to the [[University of Iowa]], the [[Iowa Writers' Workshop]], and the [[Iowa Old Capitol Building|Old Capitol building]]. Iowa City is the first U.S. "[[City of Literature]]" in the [[UNESCO]] Creative Cities Network.
-The [[Herbert Hoover National Historic Site]] and [[Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum]] are located in [[West Branch, Iowa|West Branch]].
-The [[Amana Colonies, Iowa|Amana Colonies]] are a group of settlements of [[Germans|German]] [[Pietists]] comprising seven villages listed as [[National Historic Landmark]]s.
-The [[Cedar Rapids Museum of Art]] has collections of paintings by [[Grant Wood]] and [[Marvin Cone]].  [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]] is also home to the [[National Czech & Slovak Museum & Library]] and Iowa's only [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]] Site, [[Brucemore]] mansion. [[File:Brucemore entrance.jpg|thumb|[[Brucemore]], [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa]].]]
-[[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]] boasts the [[Figge Art Museum]], [[River Music Experience]], [[Putnam Museum and IMAX Theater]], [[Davenport Skybridge]], [[Quad City Symphony Orchestra]], [[Ballet Quad Cities]], and plays host to the annual [[Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival]], and the [[Quad City Air Show]], which is the largest airshow in the state.
-Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include [[West Liberty, Iowa|West Liberty]], [[Fairfield, Iowa|Fairfield]], [[Burlington, Iowa|Burlington]], [[Mount Pleasant, Iowa|Mount Pleasant]], [[Fort Madison, Iowa|Fort Madison]], [[LeClaire, Iowa|LeClaire]], [[Mount Vernon, Iowa|Mount Vernon]], [[Ottumwa, Iowa|Ottumwa]], [[Washington, Iowa|Washington]], and [[Wilton, Iowa|Wilton]].
-===Western Iowa===
-[[File:Grotto Arcade.jpg|thumb|View of [[Grotto of the Redemption]]’s Lower Arcade: Small Stations of the Cross, [[West Bend, Iowa|West Bend]].]]
-Some of the most dramatic scenery in Iowa is found in the unique [[Loess Hills]]. The [[Iowa Great Lakes]] include several resort areas such as [[Spirit Lake, Iowa|Spirit Lake]], [[Arnolds Park, Iowa|Arnolds Park]], and the [[Okoboji]] Lakes. The Sanford Museum and Planetarium in [[Cherokee, Iowa|Cherokee]], [[Grotto of the Redemption]] in [[West Bend, Iowa|West Bend]], Danish Immigrant Museum in [[Elk Horn, Iowa|Elk Horn]], and the Fort Museum and Frontier Village in [[Fort Dodge, Iowa|Fort Dodge]] are regional destinations.
-[[File:Kurmmann block sioux city.jpg|left|thumb|portrait|Historic [[Fourth Street Historic District (Sioux City, Iowa)|Fourth Street]], [[Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City]].]]
-[[Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City]] boasts a revitalized downtown, attractions include the [[Sergeant Floyd Monument]], [[Sergeant Floyd]] River Museum, and the [[Orpheum Theater (Sioux City)|Orpheum Theater]].
-[[File:Loess hills.jpg|thumb|Loess Hills east of [[Mondamin, Iowa|Mondamin]].]]
-[[Council Bluffs, Iowa|Council Bluffs]], the major city of southwest Iowa, sits at the base of the Loess Hills National Scenic Byway. With three casino resorts, the city also includes such cultural attractions as the Western Hills Trails Center, [[Union Pacific Railroad]] Museum, the [[Grenville M. Dodge House]], and the [[Lewis and Clark]] Monument.
-Northwest Iowa is home to some of the largest concentrations of [[wind turbine]] farms in the world. Other western communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include [[Storm Lake, Iowa|Storm Lake]], [[Spencer, Iowa|Spencer]], [[Le Mars, Iowa|Le Mars]], [[Glenwood, Iowa|Glenwood]], [[Carroll, Iowa|Carroll]], [[Atlantic, Iowa|Atlantic]], [[Red Oak, Iowa|Red Oak]], [[Denison, Iowa|Denison]], [[Creston, Iowa|Creston]], [[Mount Ayr, Iowa|Mount Ayr]], [[Sac City, Iowa|Sac City]], and [[Walnut, Iowa|Walnut]].
-===Northeast and Northern Iowa===
-[[File:Fort Atkinson Iowa.jpg|left|thumb|Ruins of historic [[Fort Atkinson State Preserve|Fort Atkinson]].]]
-The [[Driftless Area]] of northeast Iowa has many steep hills and deep valleys, checkered with forest and terraced fields. [[Effigy Mounds National Monument]] in [[Allamakee County, Iowa|Allamakee]] and [[Clayton County, Iowa|Clayton Counties]] has the largest assemblage of animal-shaped prehistoric mounds in the world.
-[[Waterloo, Iowa|Waterloo]] is home of the [[Grout Museum]] and is headquarters of the [[Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area]]. [[Cedar Falls, Iowa|Cedar Falls]] is home of the [[University of Northern Iowa]].
-[[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]] is a regional tourist destination with attractions such as the [[National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium]] and the [[Port of Dubuque]].
-[[Dyersville, Iowa|Dyersville]] is home to the famed ''[[Field of Dreams]]'' baseball diamond. [[Maquoketa Caves State Park]], near [[Maquoketa, Iowa|Maquoketa]], contains more caves than any other state park.
-[[Fort Atkinson State Preserve]] in [[Fort Atkinson, Iowa|Fort Atkinson]] has the remains of an original 1840s [[Dragoon]] fortification.
-Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include [[Decorah, Iowa|Decorah]], [[McGregor, Iowa|McGregor]], [[Mason City, Iowa|Mason City]], [[Elkader, Iowa|Elkader]], [[Guttenberg, Iowa|Guttenberg]], [[Algona, Iowa|Algona]], [[Spillville, Iowa|Spillville]], [[Charles City, Iowa|Charles City]], and [[Independence, Iowa|Independence]].
-===Statewide===
-[[RAGBRAI]] – the Register's Annual Great Bike Ride Across Iowa – attracts thousands of bicyclists and support personnel. It has crossed the state on various routes each year since 1973. Iowa is home to more than 70 wineries,<ref>ISU Extension Midwest Grape and Wine Industry Institute, [http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Wine/Resources/iowawineries.htm Iastate.edu]</ref> and hosts five regional wine tasting trails.<ref>Iowa Wine Growers Association, [https://iowawinegrowers.org/mos/Frontpage/Itemid,1/ Iowawinegrowers.org]</ref> Many Iowa communities hold farmers' markets during warmer months, these are typically weekly events, but larger cities can host multiple markets.<ref>Iowa Farmers Market Association, [http://www.iafarmersmarkets.org/About_Us.html Iafarmersmarkets.org]</ref>
-==Economy==
-{{See also|Iowa locations by per capita income}}
-CNBC's list of "Top States for Business in  2010" has recognized Iowa as the sixth best state in the nation in the overall score. In the 10 individual categories, Iowa's best ranking was being 1st when it came  to the "Cost of Doing Business", this includes all taxes, utility costs, and other costs associated with doing business. 10th in the "Economy" rankings, 12th in "Business Friendliness", 16th in "Education", 17th in both "Cost of Living" and "Quality of Life", 20th in "Workforce", 29th in "Technology and Innovation", 32nd in "Transportation" and the lowest ranking was 36th in "Access to Capital"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/37516043|title=America's Top States for Business in 2010 |publisher=[[CNBC]]|accessdate=May 9, 2011}}</ref>
-[[File:Iowa quarter, reverse side, 2004.jpg|thumb|150px|Iowa [[State Quarters|state quarter]] with reverse image based on a painting by American artist [[Grant Wood]].]]
-[[File:Iowa products 2006.jpg|thumb|left|Iowa gross state products by industry, 2006.<ref>Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, as presented in the 2007 ''Iowa Factbook'' Des Moines:Iowa Legislative Services Agency.</ref>]]
-While Iowa is often viewed as a farming state, in reality agriculture is a small portion of a diversified economy, with manufacturing, biotechnology, finance and insurance services, and government services contributing substantially to Iowa's economy.<ref name="iowalifechanging.com"/> This economic diversity has helped Iowa weather the [[Late-2000s recession|late 2000s recession]] better than most states, with unemployment substantially lower than the rest of the nation.<ref>Iowa's initial jobless claims grow. ''Des Moines Register'' April 2, 2009, [http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20090402/BUSINESS/90402018/-1/NEWS04 Desmoinesregister.com]</ref><ref>City has lowest unemployment in nation, ''Iowa City Press-Citizen'' May 5., 2009, [http://www.press-citizen.com/article/20090604/NEWS01/906040336/1079/news01 Press-citizen.com]</ref>
-If the economy is measured by gross domestic product, in 2005 Iowa's GDP was about US $124&nbsp;billion.<ref>Iowa State University. [http://www.recap.iastate.edu/atlas/industries/gdp-by-state-industry.php Gross domestic product by sector and state]. Regional Capacity Analysis Program. Retrieved on: April 26, 2008.</ref>
-If measured by gross state product, for 2005 it was US $113.5&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.statelibraryofiowa.org/datacenter/quickfacts |title=Iowa Quick Facts – State Data Center |publisher=Statelibraryofiowa.org |date=June 28, 2010 |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref> Its per capita income for 2006 was US $23,340.<ref name="Facts"/>
-On July 2, 2009, [[Standard and Poor's]] rated the state of Iowa's credit as AAA (the highest of its credit ratings, held by only 11 U.S. state governments).<ref>Iowa officials tout credit rating, argue it shows state's finances are strong, ''Associated Press'' July 3, 2009, [http://www.timesrepublican.com/page/content.detail/id/84311.html?isap=1&nav=5013 Timesrepublican.com]</ref>
-As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate is 6.6%.<ref>[http://www.bls.gov/lau/ Bls.gov]; Local Area Unemployment Statistics</ref>
-===Manufacturing===
-Manufacturing is the largest sector of Iowa's economy, with $20.8&nbsp;billion (21%) of Iowa's 2003 gross state product. Major manufacturing sectors include food processing, heavy machinery, and agricultural chemicals.  Sixteen percent of Iowa's workforce is dedicated to manufacturing.<ref name="iowalifechanging.com"/> Food processing is the largest component of manufacturing.  Its industrial outputs include food processing, machinery, electric equipment, chemical products, publishing, and primary metals. Companies with direct or indirect processing facilities in Iowa include [[ConAgra Foods]], [[Wells Dairy|Wells Blue Bunny]], [[Barilla]], [[H. J. Heinz Company|Heinz]], Tone's Spices, [[General Mills]], and [[Quaker Oats]].  Major non-food advanced manufacturing firms with production facilities in Iowa include [[3M]], [[ALCOA]], [[Amana Corporation]], Dexter Apache Holdings, Inc., [[Electrolux]]/[[Frigidaire]], [[Emerson Process Management|Emerson Process]], [[Fisher Controls|Fisher Controls International]], [[HON Industries]], [[The HON Company]], IPSCO Steel, [[John Deere]], [[Lennox International|Lennox Manufacturing]], [[Maytag Corporation]], [[Pella (company)|Pella Corporation]], [[Rockwell Collins]], [[Vermeer Company]], and [[Winnebago Industries]].
-===Agriculture===
-[[File:Iowa harvest 2009.jpg|thumb|Harvesting [[maize|corn]] in [[Jones County, Iowa|Jones County]].]]
-[[File:Ethanol butler co iowa.jpg|thumb|left|Ethanol plant under construction in [[Butler County, Iowa|Butler County]].]]
-Directly and indirectly, agriculture has always been a major component of Iowa's economy. However, the direct production and sale of raw agricultural products contributes only about 3.5% of Iowa's gross state product.<ref>2007 ''Iowa Factbook'' p. 59, Des Moines:Iowa Legislative Services Agency.</ref> The indirect role of agriculture in Iowa's economy can be measured in multiple ways, but its total impact, including agriculture-affiliated business, has been measured at 16.4% in terms of value added and 24.3% in terms of total output. This is lower than the economic impact in Iowa of non-farm manufacturing, which accounts for 22.4% of total value added and 26.5% of total output.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ideas.repec.org/p/isu/genres/10180.html|title=Multiple Measures of the Role of Agriculture in Iowa's Economy}}</ref>  Iowa's main agricultural outputs are [[pig|hogs]], [[maize|corn]], [[soybean]]s, [[oat]]s, cattle, eggs, and dairy products. Iowa is the nation's largest producer of [[ethanol]] and [[maize|corn]] and some years is the largest grower of soybeans as well. In 2008, the 92,600 farms in Iowa produced 19% of the nation's corn, 17% of the soybeans, 30% of the hogs, and 14% of the eggs.<ref>State Fact Sheets: Iowa. [[USDA]]: [http://www.ers.usda.gov/statefacts/ia.htm USDA.gov]</ref>
-[[File:Wall Mural, Mt Ayr, IA Post Office, 1998.jpg|thumb|Mural in [[Mount Ayr, Iowa|Mt. Ayr]] Post Office, "The Corn Parade" by Orr C. Fischer, commissioned as part of the [[New Deal]].<ref name="CornParade">{{cite web
-|title= "The Corn Parade" (1941) by Orr C. Fischer
-|url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6702
-|accessdate=July 3, 2010}}</ref>]]
-Major Iowa agricultural product processors include [[Archer Daniels Midland]], [[Ajinomoto]], [[Cargill, Inc.]], Diamond V Mills, [[Garst Seed Company]], Heartland Pork Enterprises, [[Hy-Vee]], [[Monsanto Company]], [[Pioneer Hi-Bred International]], and [[Quaker Oats]].<ref name="gazette grain">{{cite news|url=http://gazetteonline.com/top-story/2009/11/28/impact-of-grain-processing-industry-runs-deep-but-people-don%e2%80%99t-see-it|title=Impact of grain-processing industry runs deep, but people don’t see it|last=Ford|first=George|date=November 28, 2009|work=Cedar Rapids Gazette|pages=1A|accessdate=November 29, 2009}}</ref>
-[[File:maytag.jpg|thumb|left||Central Iowa cornfield in June.]]
-===Other sectors===
-[[File:Turbines iowa.jpg|thumb|left|Wind turbines near [[Williams, Iowa|Williams]].]]
-Iowa also has a strong financial and insurance sector, with approximately 6,100 firms,<ref name="iowalifechanging.com"/> including [[AEGON]], [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company|Nationwide Group]], [[Aviva|Aviva USA]], [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company|Farm Bureau Financial Services]], [[ING Group|ING]], [[Marsh & McLennan Companies|Marsh Affinity Group]], [[MetLife]], [[Principal Financial Group]], [[Principal Capital Management]], Wellmark Blue Cross & Blue Shield (which, according to the American Medical Association, provided 71% of the state's health insurance in 2007),<ref>Competition in Health Insurance: 2007 update, [https://catalog.ama-assn.org/Catalog/product/product_detail.jsp?productId=prod1350008 Ama-assn.org]</ref> [[Wells Fargo]], and Wells Fargo Financial Services.  Biotechnology has expanded dramatically in Iowa in the past decade, with firms including Bio-Research Products Inc., [[Boehringer Ingelheim]], [[Boehringer-Ingelheim|Vetmedica]], Diosynth, Inc., [[Wyeth|Fort Dodge Animal Health]], Penford Products Co., [[Integrated DNA Technologies]]., [[Roche Applied Science]], [[Wacker Chemie|Wacker Biochem Corp.]], and [[Wyeth]].
-[[Ethanol fuel|Ethanol]] production consumes approximately one-third of Iowa's corn production, and renewable fuels account for 8% of the state's gross domestic product. A total of 39 ethanol plants produced {{convert|3.1|e9USgal|m3}} of fuel in 2009.<ref name="ethanol1">{{cite web|url=http://gazetteonline.com/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/2010/02/26/ethanol-mandate-wouldn%e2%80%99t-help-prices|title=Ethanol mandate wouldn’t help prices|date=February 26, 2010 |publisher=Cedar Rapids Gazette|accessdate=April 4, 2010}}</ref> In addition to ethanol, renewable energy has become a major economic force in northern and western Iowa, with [[wind turbine]] electrical generation increasing exponentally since 1990.<ref name="energy.iastate.edu"/> In 2010, [[Wind power in Iowa|wind power]] accounted for 15.4% of electrical energy produced, and 3675 megawatts of generating capacity had been installed at the end of the year.<ref name=awea_wef_iowa>{{cite web|title=AWEA Wind Energy Facts – Iowa|url=http://www.awea.org/learnabout/publications/factsheets/upload/Iowa.pdf|publisher=AWEA|accessdate=December 23, 2011}}</ref> Iowa ranked first of U.S. states in percentage of total power generated by wind and second in wind generating capacity behind Texas.<ref name=awea_wef_iowa /> Major producers of turbines and components in Iowa include [[Acciona Energy]] of [[West Branch, Iowa|West Branch]], TPI Composites of [[Newton, Iowa|Newton]], and [[Siemens]] Energy of [[Fort Madison]].
-Iowa is the headquarters for five of the top 1,000 companies for revenue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2009/states/IA.html|title=FORTUNE 500 2009: States: Iowa Companies |publisher=CNN}}</ref> They include [[Principal Financial]], [[Rockwell Collins]], [[Casey's General Stores]], [[HNI]], and [[Terra Industries]].  Iowa is also headquarters to other companies including [[Hy-Vee]], [[Pella (company)|Pella Corporation]], [[Vermeer Company]], [[Kum & Go]] gas stations, [[Von Maur]], [[Pioneer Hi-Bred]], [[McLeodUSA]], and [[Fareway]] grocery stores.
-===Taxation===
-Iowa imposes taxes on net state income of individuals, estates, and trusts. There are currently nine [[income tax]] brackets, ranging from 0.36% to 8.98%. The state [[sales tax]] rate is 6%, with non-prepared food having no tax.<ref>Iowa Department of Revenue, Iowa Tax / Fee Descriptions and Rates, [http://www.iowa.gov/tax/taxlaw/taxtypes.html#sales Iowa.gov]</ref> Iowa has one local option sales tax that may be imposed by counties after an election.<ref>Iowa Department of Revenue, Iowa Local Option Tax Information, [http://www.iowa.gov/tax/educate/localoption.html Ioawa.gov]</ref> Property tax is levied on the taxable value of real property. Iowa has more than 2,000 taxing authorities. Most property is taxed by more than one taxing authority. The tax rate differs in each locality and is a composite of county, city or rural township, [[school district]] and special levies. Iowa allows its residents to deduct their [[federal income tax]]es from their state income taxes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2009905300328|title=No tax increases planned for next year, Culver says|author=Thomas Beaumont|work=[[The Des Moines Register]]|date=May 30, 2009|accessdate=May 31, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
-==Transportation==
-[[File:IowaLicensePlate2011.gif|thumb|left|The current [[Vehicle registration plates of Iowa|state license plate]] design, introduced in 2011.]]
-The 2011 American State Litter Scorecard ranked Iowa amongst the top four "Best" states, for overall effectiveness and quality of its statewide public space cleanliness, from state and related roadway (and adjacent property) litter/debris removal efforts—the only one in the [[Midwestern United States]] to attain that honor, that year.<ref>{{cite conference |first= Steve |last= Spacek |date= March 13, 2011 |title=American State Litter Scorecard: New Rankings for an Increasingly Environmentally Concened Populace |url= http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=stevespacek |conference= American Society for Public Administration Conference |accessdate=March 6, 2012}}</ref>
-===Interstate highways===
-[[File:Iowa overview.jpg|thumb|Iowa's major interstates, larger cities, and counties.]]
-Iowa has four primary [[interstate highways]]. [[Interstate 29]] runs along the western edge of the state through [[Council Bluffs]] and [[Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City]]. [[Interstate 35]] goes from the southern border to the northern border through the center of the state, including [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]]. [[Interstate 74]] begins at [[Interstate 80]] just north and east of [[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]].  [[Interstate 80]] goes from the west end of the state to the east end through [[Council Bluffs, Iowa|Council Bluffs]], Des Moines, [[Iowa City, Iowa|Iowa City]], and the [[Quad Cities]]. [[Interstate 380 (Iowa)|Interstate 380]] is an [[List of auxiliary Interstate Highways|auxiliary Interstate Highway]], which runs from Interstate 80 near Iowa City through [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]] ending in [[Waterloo, Iowa|Waterloo]] and is part of the [[Avenue of the Saints]] highway.
-===Airports with scheduled flights===
-Iowa is served by several major airports including the [[Des Moines International Airport]], the [[Eastern Iowa Airport]], in Cedar Rapids, [[Quad City International Airport]], which is located in [[Moline, Illinois]], and [[Eppley Airfield]], located in [[Omaha, Nebraska]]. Smaller airports in the state include the [[Davenport Municipal Airport (Iowa)]], [[Dubuque Regional Airport]], [[Fort Dodge Regional Airport]], [[Mason City Municipal Airport]], [[Sioux Gateway Airport]], [[Southeast Iowa Regional Airport]], and [[Waterloo Regional Airport]].
-===Railroads===
-[[Amtrak]]'s ''[[California Zephyr]]'' serves the south of Iowa with stops at [[Burlington, Iowa|Burlington]], [[Mount Pleasant, Iowa|Mount Pleasant]], [[Ottumwa, Iowa|Ottumwa]], [[Osceola, Iowa|Osceola]], and [[Creston, Iowa|Creston]] on its daily route between Chicago and [[Emeryville, California]] (across the bay from San Francisco). [[Fort Madison, Iowa|Fort Madison]] is served by Amtrak's ''[[Southwest Chief]]'', running daily between Chicago and Los Angeles.
-==Law and government==
-[[File:Iowa State Capitol April 2010.jpg|thumb|The [[Iowa State Capitol]], completed in 1886, is the only state capitol to feature five domes, a central golden dome surrounded by four smaller domes.]]
-[[File:Iowa Supreme Court.jpg|thumb|The [[Iowa Supreme Court]], located on Court Avenue across from the state capitol in [[Des Moines]], is the state's highest court.]]
-:''See [[List of Governors of Iowa]], [[Iowa General Assembly]], and [[Iowa State Capitol]]''
-The current Governor is [[Terry E. Branstad]] (R)
-Other statewide elected officials:
-*[[Kim Reynolds]] (R) – Lieutenant Governor
-*[[Matt Schultz]] (R) – Secretary of State
-*[[David Vaudt]] (R) – Auditor of State
-* Michael Fitzgerald (D) – Treasurer of State
-*[[Bill Northey]] (R) – Secretary of Agriculture
-*[[Thomas John Miller|Tom Miller]] (D) – Attorney General
-The two U.S. Senators:
-{{Further|List of United States Senators from Iowa}}
-*[[Tom Harkin]] (D)
-*[[Chuck Grassley]] (R)
-The four U.S. Congressmen:
-*[[Bruce Braley]] (D) – [[Iowa's 1st congressional district|First District]]
-*[[Dave Loebsack]] (D) – [[Iowa's 2nd congressional district|Second District]]
-*[[Tom Latham]] (R) – [[Iowa's 3rd congressional district|Third District]]
-*[[Steve King]] (R) – [[Iowa's 4th congressional district|Fourth District]]
-Following the 2010 census and the resulting re-districting, Iowa lost one seat, falling to 4 seats the House of Representatives.  Incumbent congressmen [[Leonard Boswell]] (D) and Tom Latham (R) ran against each other in the new Third District; Latham won.  Steve King had represented the old [[Iowa's 5th congressional district|Fifth District]].
-The [[Code of Iowa]] contains the [[statutory law]]s of the state of Iowa. It is periodically updated by the Iowa Legislative Service Bureau, with a new edition published in odd-numbered years and a supplement published in even-numbered years.
-Iowa is an alcohol monopoly or [[Alcoholic beverage control state]].
-===Political parties===
-{{Main|Political party strength in Iowa}}
-[[File:Samuel Jordan Kirkwood.jpg|thumb|left|[[Samuel J. Kirkwood]], founder of the Iowa Republican Party, abolitionist, and Iowa's Civil War governor.]]
-In Iowa, the term "political party" refers to political organizations which have received two percent or more of the votes cast for president or governor in the "last preceding general election".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/FormingPoliticalParty.pdf | title = Forming a New Political Party in Iowa | accessdate =July 26, 2007 | format = PDF | publisher=Elections Division, [[Iowa Secretary of State]] }}</ref> Iowa recognizes two political parties – the [[Republican Party of Iowa|Republican Party]] and the [[Iowa Democratic Party|Democratic Party]]. [[Third party (politics)|Third parties]], officially termed "nonparty political organizations" can appear on the ballot as well – five of these have had candidates on the ballot in Iowa since 2004 for various positions: the [[Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution Party]], the [[Green Party (United States)|Green Party]], the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]], the [[United States Pirate Party|Pirate Party]], and the [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/GenOffResults.pdf | title = Official Results Report – Statewide: 2006 General Election |accessdate =July 26, 2007 | format = PDF | publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/2004/general/CanvassSummary.pdf | title = Canvass Summary: 2004 General Election | accessdate =July 26, 2007 | format = PDF | publisher=[[Chet Culver|Chester J. Culver]], [[Iowa Secretary of State]]}}</ref>
-===Voter trends===
-{| class="wikitable"  style="float:right; font-size:79%;"
-|+ '''Presidential elections results'''
-|- style="background:lightgrey;"
-! Year
-! [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
-! [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
-|-
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 2012|2012]]
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|46.18% ''730,617
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|'''51.99%''' ''822,544
-|-
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]]
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|44.74% ''677,508
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|'''54.04%''' ''818,240
-|-
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 2004|2004]]
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|'''49.92%''' ''751,957
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|49.28% ''741,898
-|-
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 2000|2000]]
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|48.22% ''634,373
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|'''48.60%''' ''638,517
-|-
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 1996|1996]]
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|39.92% ''492,644
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|'''50.31%''' ''620,258
-|-
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 1992|1992]]
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|37.33% ''504,890
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|'''43.35%''' ''586,353
-|-
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 1988|1988]]
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|44.8% ''545,355
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|'''55.1%''' ''670,557
-|-
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 1984|1984]]
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|'''53.32%''' ''703,088
-|  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|45.97% ''605,620
-|}
-For many years, Iowa was [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] leaning.  From statehood until 1969, it elected seven [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidates to the U.S. Senate, and supported a Democratic Candidate for president seven times from statehood until 1984.  Since the 1980s, however, it has become more of a [[swing state]] in national politics. The state currently leans Democratic; it has supported a Democratic candidate in all but one presidential election since 1988.  According to the [[Cook Partisan Voting Index]], which by analyzing recent elections gives Iowa a score of D+1. However, the state is far from homogeneous in its political leanings.  Generally, eastern Iowa leans Democratic while western Iowa leans Republican.  Central Iowa is more split, though Des Moines tends Democratic.  Cook finds that Iowa's five congressional districts range in political orientation. [[Iowa's 2nd congressional district]], in the Eastern/Southeastern part of the state, leans Democratic, with a D+7 (strong Democratic) score; but [[Iowa's 5th congressional district]], which covers most of Western Iowa, leans Republican, scoring R+9.
-As a result of congressional reapportionment, Iowa's House caucus will be reduced to four representatives (from five), beginning with the 2012 elections.  The old  [[Iowa's 3rd congressional district|3rd district]] was eliminated.  Its congressman, Republican [[Tom Latham]], moved from Ames to [[Clive, Iowa|Clive]] and challenged Democratic [[Iowa's 4th congressional district|4th district]] incumbent [[Leonard Boswell]] in the reconfigured 3rd District, which covers southwestern Iowa and stretches from Council Bluffs to Des Moines.  Republican [[Steve King]] saw his 5th district renumbered as the 4th and reconfigured to take in northwestern and some of north-central Iowa. Former Iowa First Lady [[Christie Vilsack]] (wife of former Democratic governor and current United States Secretary of Agriculture [[Tom Vilsack]]) will move to Ames to challenge King for the seat. Incumbent Democratic Congressmen [[Bruce Braley]] of the 1st District and [[Dave Loebsack]] of the 2nd District will run for reelection in their newly-configured eastern Iowa districts; Loebsack will move to Iowa City since his current home in [[Mount Vernon, Iowa|Mount Vernon]] was drawn into the new 1st District.
-Redistricting proposals are designed by computer software that disregarding all factors except population, and is submitted to the state legislature for approval. Counties may not be subdivided.
-From 1968 to 1984, Iowa voted for the Republican candidate in the presidential election, and from 1988 to 2000 the state voted for the Democratic candidate; in the latter election, the Democratic candidate won by little more than 4,000 votes. In the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004]] election, Iowa went by about 10,000 votes for [[George W. Bush]] but in [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]], [[Barack Obama]] won by a much larger margin of about 150,000 votes.
-As a result of the 2010 elections, each party currently controls one house of the [[Iowa General Assembly]]: the House has a Republican majority, while the Senate has a Democratic majority. The current governor is Republican [[Terry Branstad]], who defeated incumbent Democrat [[Chet Culver]] in the 2010 elections. Branstad previously served as governor from 1983 to 1999.
-===Presidential caucus===
-{{Main|Iowa caucus}}
-The state gets considerable attention every four years because it holds the first presidential [[Iowa caucus|caucuses]], gatherings of voters to select delegates to the state conventions. Along with the [[New Hampshire primary]] the following week, Iowa's caucuses have become the starting points for choosing the two major-party candidates for president. The caucuses, held in January of the election year, involve people gathering in homes or public places and choosing their candidates, rather than casting secret ballots as is done in a [[Presidential primary|primary]] election. The national and international media give Iowa (and [[New Hampshire]]) much of the attention accorded the national candidate selection process, which gives Iowa voters enormous leverage. Those who enter the caucus race often expend enormous effort to reach voters in each of Iowa's 99 counties.
-===Civil rights===
-[[File:union block.jpg|thumb|The [[Union Block (Mount Pleasant, Iowa)|Union Block]] building, [[Mount Pleasant, Iowa|Mount Pleasant]], scene of early civil rights and women's rights activities. Listed as one of the most endangered historic sites in Iowa, it is to be rehabilitated.
-<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehawkeye.com/story/Challenge-grant-082811 |title=F.M., M.P. awarded Challenge Grants|publisher=[[Burlington Hawk Eye]] |last=Troute|first=Rex L.|date=August 27, 2011|accessdate=September 3, 2011}}</ref>]]
-In the 19th century Iowa was among the earliest states to enact prohibitions against race discrimination, especially in education, but was slow to achieve full integration in the 20th century. In the very first decision of the [[Iowa Supreme Court]] – ''In Re the Matter of Ralph'',<ref>1 Morris 1 (Iowa 1839)</ref> decided July 1839 – the Court rejected slavery in a decision that found that a slave named Ralph became free when he stepped on Iowa soil, 26 years before the end of the Civil War.<ref name="civil rights">{{cite web|url=http://www.judicial.state.ia.us/Public_Information/Iowa_Courts_History/Civil_Rights/ |title=Early Civil Rights Cases |publisher=Judicial.state.ia.us |accessdate=July 26, 2010}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The state did away with racial barriers to marriage in 1851, more than 100 years before the U.S. Supreme Court would ban [[Anti-miscegenation laws|miscegenation statutes]] nationwide.<ref name="ChicagoTrib">[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-defending-iowa-web,0,2979128.story Gay marriage and Iowa: Why's everyone so surprised?], [[Chicago Tribune]], April 10, 2009</ref>
-The Iowa Supreme Court decided ''Clark v. The Board of Directors''<ref>24 Iowa 266 (1868)</ref> in 1868, ruling that racially segregated "separate but equal" schools had no place in Iowa, 85 years before ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]''.<ref name="civil rights" /> By 1875 a number of additional court rulings effectively ended segregation in Iowa schools.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brodnax|first=David|year=2004|title=The Equality of Right: Alexander Clark and the Desegregation of Iowa's Public Schools, 1834–1875|journal=Law and Society Association|url=http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/1/7/4/2/p117420_index.html}}</ref> Social and housing discrimination continued against Blacks at state universities until the 1950s.<ref>Breaux, Richard M. (2004) "Maintaining a Home for Girls": The Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs at the University of Iowa 1919–1950, ''Cultural Capital and Black Education'' ed. V.P. Franklin and C.J. Savage. Information Age, Greenwich</ref> The Court heard ''Coger v. The North Western Union Packet Co.''<ref>37 Iowa 145 (1873)</ref> in 1873, ruling against racial discrimination in public accommodations 91 years before the U.S. Supreme Court reached the same decision.<ref name="civil rights" />
-In 1884, the Iowa Civil Rights Act apparently outlawed discrimination by businesses, reading: "All persons within this state shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, restaurants, chophouses, eating houses, lunch counters, and all other places where refreshments are served, public conveyances, barber shops, bathhouses, theaters, and all other places of amusement." However, the courts chose to narrowly apply this act, allowing de facto discrimination to continue.<ref>Iowa Civil Rights Commission, [http://www.iowa.gov/government/crc/docs/annual66activities.html Iowa.org]</ref> Racial discrimination at public businesses was not deemed illegal until 1949, when the court ruled in ''[[State of Iowa v. Katz]]'' that businesses had to serve customers regardless of race; the case began when [[Edna Griffin]] was denied service at a Des Moines drugstore.<ref>African-Americans in Iowa, 1838–2005, [http://www.iptv.org/IowaPathways/myPath.cfm?ounid=ob_000238 IPTV.org]</ref> Full racial civil rights were codified under the Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1965.<ref>Iowa Civil Rights Commission, [http://www.state.ia.us/government/crc/publications/brochures/english_brochure.html State.ia.us]</ref>
-As with racial equality, Iowa was a vanguard in women's rights in the mid-19th century, but was slow to give women the right to vote. In 1847, the [[University of Iowa]] became the first public university in the U.S. to admit men and women on an equal basis.<ref>About Iowa, [http://www.uiowa.edu/homepage/about-UI/index.html Uiowa.edu]</ref> In 1869, Iowa became the first state in the union to admit women to the practice of law, with the Court ruling that women may not be denied the right to practice law in Iowa and admitting [[Arabella A. Mansfield]] to the practice of law.<ref name="civil rights" /> Several attempts to grant full voting rights to Iowa women were defeated between 1870 and 1919. In 1894 women were given "partial suffrage", which allowed them to vote on issues, but not for candidates. It was not until the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] was ratified in 1920 that women had full suffrage in Iowa.<ref>The Fight for Women's Suffrage, [http://www.iptv.org/iowapathways/myPath.cfm?ounid=ob_000320 IPTV.org]</ref> Although Iowa supported the Federal [[Equal Rights Amendment]], in 1980 and 1992 Iowa voters rejected an Equal Rights Amendment to the state constitution.<ref>How Did Iowa Coalitions Campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment in 1980 and 1992?, [http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/iowaera/intro.htm alexanderstreet.com]</ref>
-Post-[[Civil Rights era]] court decisions in Iowa clarified and expanded citizens' rights. The landmark U.S. Supreme Court case [[Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District|Tinker v. Des Moines]] (1969) confirmed the right of students to express political views. The state's law criminalizing same-sex sexual activity was repealed in June 1976, 27 years before ''[[Lawrence v. Texas]]''.
-On April 3, 2009, the Iowa Supreme Court decided ''[[Varnum v. Brien]]'',<ref>WL 874044
-(Iowa 2009) (Publication to N.W.2d pending as of April 9, 2009.)</ref> holding in a [[unanimous]] decision,<ref>{{cite web|last=Martyn |first=Chase |url=http://iowaindependent.com/13495/iowa-supreme-court-same-sex-couples-can-marry-in-iowa |title=Iowa Supreme Court: Same-sex couples can marry « Iowa Independent |publisher=Iowaindependent.com |date=August 25, 2008 |accessdate=July 26, 2010}}</ref> that the state's law forbidding [[same-sex marriage]] was [[unconstitutional]].  This made Iowa the third state in the U.S. and first in the Midwest to permit same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrcbackstory.org/2009/04/breaking-iowa-supreme-court-rules-in-favor-of-marriage-equality |title=BREAKING: Iowa Supreme Court rules in favor of marriage equality! « Human Rights Campaign |publisher=HRC Back Story |date=April 3, 2009 |accessdate=July 26, 2010}}</ref>
-<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2009/04/iowa-court-upholds-gay-marriage.html |title=USA Today, Iowa Court Upholds Gay Marriage |work=USA Today  |date=January 7, 2010 |accessdate=July 31, 2010}} {{Dead link|date=March 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> (See [[LGBT rights in Iowa]].)
-==Sister states==
-Iowa has eight official partner states:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iowasisterstates.org/ |title=Iowa Sister States |publisher=Iowa Sister States |date=February 23, 2010 |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref>
-*[[Hebei]] Province, People's Republic of China (1983)
-*[[Stavropol Krai]], Russia (1989)
-*[[Taiwan]], Republic of China (1989)
-*[[Terengganu]], Malaysia (1987)
-*[[Veneto]] Region, Italy (1997)
-*[[Yamanashi Prefecture]], Japan (1960)
-*[[Yucatán]], Mexico (1964)
-*[[Cherkasy Oblast]], Ukraine (1996)
-==Education==
-===Primary and secondary schools===
-{{See also|List of school districts in Iowa}}
-Iowa is often credited with the start of the high school movement in the U.S. Around 1910, secondary schools as we know them today were established across the state, which was unprecedented at the time. As the high school movement gathered pace and went beyond Iowa, there was clear evidence of how more time spent in school led to greater income.
-The four-year graduation rate for high schoolers was 87.2% in 2009.<ref name="grad rate 2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.iowa.gov/educate/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1979:iowa-department-of-education-announces-new-nga-graduation-rates&catid=242:news-releases|title=Iowa Announces New NGA Graduation Rates|publisher=Iowa Department of Education|accessdate=September 13, 2010}}</ref> The state has the third highest graduation rate in the nation.<ref name="UHF">{{cite web | title = High School Graduation| publisher=United Health Foundation| url = http://www.unitedhealthfoundation.com/shr2005/components/hsgrad.html| accessdate =January 23, 2008 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Iowa has 365 school districts,<ref name="Schools">{{cite web | title = Quick Facts about Iowa Schools| publisher=Iowa Department of Education| url = http://www.iowa.gov/educate/content/view/281/1003/| accessdate =January 23, 2008 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> and has the 12th lowest student-to-teacher ratio of 13.8.<ref name="NEA"/> Teacher pay is ranked 42nd, with the average salary being $39,284.<ref name="NEA">{{cite web | title = Education Stats| publisher=National Education Association| url = http://www.nea.org/edstats/RankFull06b.htm| accessdate =January 23, 2008 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
-The Iowa State Board of Education works with the Iowa Department of Education to provide oversight, supervision, and support for the state's education system that includes all public elementary and secondary schools, nonpublic schools that receive state accreditation, area education agencies, community colleges, and teacher preparation programs.  The State Board consists of ten members: nine voting members who are appointed by the governor for six-year terms and subject to Senate confirmation; and one nonvoting student member who serves a one-year term, also appointed by the governor.
-===Colleges and universities===
-[[File:Christ the King Chapel Davenport Iowa.jpg|thumb|Christ the King Chapel at [[Saint Ambrose University]] in [[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]].]]
-[[File:Palmer Chiropractic College.jpg|thumb|[[Palmer Chiropractic College]] in [[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]] is the first school of chiropractic in the world.]]
-[[File:Alexander Dickman.jpg|thumb|Alexander Dickman Hall, located at [[Upper Iowa University]] in [[Fayette, Iowa|Fayette]].]]
-{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Iowa}}
-The Iowa Board of Regents is composed of nine citizen volunteers appointed by the governor to provide policymaking, coordination, and oversight of the state's public universities, two special K-12 schools, and affiliated centers.
-Iowa's three public universities include:
-*[[Iowa State University]], [[Ames, Iowa|Ames]]
-*[[University of Iowa]], [[Iowa City, Iowa|Iowa City]]
-*[[University of Northern Iowa]], [[Cedar Falls, Iowa|Cedar Falls]]
-The special K-12 schools include the [[Iowa School for the Deaf]] in [[Council Bluffs, Iowa|Council Bluffs]] and the [[Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School]] in [[Vinton, Iowa|Vinton]].  Both [[Iowa State University]] and the [[University of Iowa]] are major research institutions and members of the prestigious [[Association of American Universities]]. In addition to the three state universities, Iowa has multiple private colleges and universities.
-Private colleges and universities include:
-*[[Buena Vista University]], [[Storm Lake, Iowa|Storm Lake]]
-*[[Clarke University]], [[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]]
-*[[Des Moines University]], [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]]
-*[[Divine Word College]], [[Epworth, Iowa|Epworth]]
-*[[Drake University]], [[Des Moines]]
-*[[Emmaus Bible College (Iowa)|Emmaus Bible College]], [[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]]
-*[[Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary]], [[Ankeny, Iowa|Ankeny]]
-*[[Graceland University]], [[Lamoni, Iowa|Lamoni]]
-*[[Iowa Wesleyan College]], [[Mount Pleasant, Iowa|Mount Pleasant]]
-*[[Kaplan University]], [[Cedar Falls, Iowa|Cedar Falls]], [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]], [[Council Bluffs, Iowa|Council Bluffs]], [[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]], [[Mason City, Iowa|Mason City]], and [[Urbandale, Iowa|Urbandale]]
-*[[Maharishi University of Management]], [[Fairfield, Iowa|Fairfield]]
-*[[Mount Mercy University]], [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]]
-*[[Palmer College of Chiropractic]], [[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]]
-*[[Saint Ambrose University]], [[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]]
-*[[University of Dubuque]], [[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]]
-*[[Upper Iowa University]], [[Fayette, Iowa|Fayette]]
-*[[Waldorf College]], [[Forest City, Iowa|Forest City]]
-*[[William Penn University]], [[Oskaloosa, Iowa|Oskaloosa]]
-Private liberal arts colleges include:
-*[[Ashford University]], [[Clinton, Iowa|Clinton]]
-*[[Briar Cliff University]], [[Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City]]
-*[[Central College (Pella, Iowa)|Central College]], [[Pella, Iowa|Pella]]
-*[[Coe College]], [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]]
-*[[Cornell College]], [[Mount Vernon, Iowa|Mount Vernon]]
-*[[Dordt College]], [[Sioux Center, Iowa|Sioux Center]]
-*[[Grand View University]], [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]]
-*[[Grinnell College]], [[Grinnell, Iowa|Grinnell]]
-*[[Loras College]], [[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]]
-*[[Luther College (Iowa)|Luther College]], [[Decorah, Iowa|Decorah]]
-*[[Morningside College]], [[Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City]]
-*[[Northwestern College (Iowa)|Northwestern College]], [[Orange City, Iowa|Orange City]]
-*[[Simpson College]], [[Indianola, Iowa|Indianola]]
-*[[Wartburg College]], [[Waverly, Iowa|Waverly]]
-==Sports==
-{{See also|Sports teams from Iowa}}
-Iowa has professional sports teams in baseball, basketball, hockey, football and soccer. The state has four major college teams playing in [[Division I (NCAA)|Division I]] for all sports.  In football, [[Iowa State University]] and the [[University of Iowa]] compete in the [[Football Bowl Subdivision]] (FBS), whereas the [[University of Northern Iowa]] and [[Drake University]] compete in the [[Football Championship Subdivision]] (FCS).
-===Baseball===
-[[File:Modern Woodmen Park.jpg|left|thumb|alt=A large brick stadium with many round windows on the bottom and many rectangle windows in groups of four line the top of the stadium. The words Modern Woodmen Park are displayed above the door|[[Modern Woodmen Park]] is home to the [[Quad Cities River Bandits]] baseball team]]
-Iowa has four Class A [[Minor league baseball|minor league]] teams in the [[Midwest League]]. They are the [[Burlington Bees]], [[Cedar Rapids Kernels]], [[Clinton LumberKings]], and the [[Quad Cities River Bandits]]. The [[Sioux City Explorers]] are part of the [[American Association of Independent Professional Baseball]]. The [[Waterloo Bucks]] play in the [[Northwoods League]]. [[Des Moines]] is home to the [[Iowa Cubs]], a Class AAA team in the [[Pacific Coast League]] and affiliate of the [[Chicago Cubs]].
-===Football===
-The [[Sioux City Bandits]] are an [[indoor American football|Indoor football]] team in the [[Champions Professional Indoor Football League]]. The [[Iowa Barnstormers (AF2)|Iowa Barnstormers]] play in the [[Arena Football League (2010)|Arena Football League]]. They play their home games at [[Wells Fargo Arena (Des Moines)|Wells Fargo Arena]].  The [[Cedar Rapids Titans]] are an indoor American football team in the [[Indoor Football League]].  They currently play at the [[Cedar Rapids Ice Arena]] and will move into the newly renovated [[U.S. Cellular Center (Cedar Rapids, Iowa)|U.S. Cellular Center]] next season.
-===Hockey===
-The [[Quad City Mallards]] games are played in [[Moline, Illinois]] as part of the [[Central Hockey League]].
-The [[United States Hockey League]] has five teams in Iowa: the [[Cedar Rapids RoughRiders]], [[Sioux City Musketeers]], [[Waterloo Black Hawks]], [[Des Moines Buccaneers]], and the [[Dubuque Fighting Saints]]  The [[Omaha Lancers]] previously played in [[Council Bluffs, Iowa|Council Bluffs]] from 2002 to 2009, but have since moved back to [[Omaha, Nebraska]]. The [[North Iowa Outlaws]] play in the [[North American Hockey League]] in [[Mason City, Iowa|Mason City]].
-The Quad City Jr Flames are a Tier III Jr. A hockey team located in [[Davenport, Iowa]] and are part of the [[Central States Hockey League]].
-===Basketball===
-Iowa has two professional basketball teams. The [[Iowa Energy]], an [[NBA Development League]] team that plays in [[Des Moines]], is affiliated with the [[Chicago Bulls]] and [[Phoenix Suns]] of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].  The [[Quad Cities Riverhawks]] of the [[Premier Basketball League]] are based in [[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]] but play at [[Wharton Field House]] in [[Moline, Illinois]].
-===Soccer===
-The [[Des Moines Menace]] play their home games at Valley Stadium in [[West Des Moines, Iowa|West Des Moines]].
-===College===
-The state has four NCAA Division I college teams—in [[Division I (NCAA)|NCAA FBS]], the [[University of Iowa]] [[Iowa Hawkeyes|Hawkeyes]] of the [[Big Ten Conference]] and the [[Iowa State University]] [[Iowa State Cyclones|Cyclones]] of the [[Big 12 Conference]]; in [[Football Championship Subdivision|NCAA FCS]], the [[University of Northern Iowa]] [[Northern Iowa Panthers|Panthers]] of the [[Missouri Valley Conference]] and [[Missouri Valley Football Conference]] (despite the similar names, the conferences are administratively separate) and the [[Drake University]] [[Drake Bulldogs|Bulldogs]] of the Missouri Valley Conference in most sports and [[Pioneer Football League|Pioneer League]] for football.
-==Iowans==
-<!-- STOP!  Before adding to the list, consider if the article [[List of people from Iowa]] would be more appropriate.  See the talk page for guidelines about who is notable enough to be listed here.  Only individuals, not groups or organizations, may be listed.-->
-[[File:HerbertClarkHoover.jpg|left|thumb|President Herbert Hoover]]
-[[File:HenryAgardWallace.jpg|thumb|Vice President Henry Wallace]]
-{{Main|List of people from Iowa}}
-Iowa was  the birthplace of [[List of Presidents of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Herbert Hoover]], Vice President [[Henry A. Wallace]], and two [[first ladies]], [[Lou Henry Hoover]] and [[Mamie Eisenhower]]. Other national leaders who lived in Iowa include President [[Ronald Reagan]], [[John L. Lewis]], [[Harry Hopkins]], [[Carrie Chapman Catt]], [[Jefferson Davis]], [[Black Hawk (chief)|Chief Black Hawk]], and [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]].
-Five Nobel Prize winners hail from Iowa: [[Norman Borlaug]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]; [[Thomas Cech]], recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]; [[Alan J. Heeger]], also a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry; [[John Mott]], recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize; and [[Stanley B. Prusiner]], recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]. Other notable scientists who worked or were born in Iowa include astronomer and space pioneer [[James A. Van Allen]], ecologist [[Aldo Leopold]], computer pioneer [[John Vincent Atanasoff]], inventor and plant scientist [[George Washington Carver]], geochemist [[Clair Cameron Patterson]], and [[Intel]] founder [[Robert Noyce]].
-Notable writers, artists, and news personalities from Iowa include [[Bill Bryson]], [[Corey Taylor]], [[George Gallup]], [[Susan Glaspell]], [[Harry Reasoner]], [[Phil Stong]], and [[Grant Wood]].
-Entertainers from Iowa include [[Tom Arnold (actor)|Tom Arnold]], [[Bix Beiderbecke]], [[Johnny Carson]], [[Buffalo Bill Cody]], [[Simon Estes]], [[William Frawley]], [[Ashton Kutcher]], [[Cloris Leachman]], [[Glenn Miller]], [[Donna Reed]], [[Brandon Routh]], [[John Wayne]], [[Andy Williams]], [[Meredith Willson]], and [[Elijah Wood]].
-Many athletes from Iowa have become famous enough to be noted in the ''[[List of people from Iowa]]''. Iowan athletes winning [[Olympic medal|Olympic gold medals]] are [[Tom Brands]], [[Jay Clark (sport shooter)|Jay Clark]], [[Chuck Darling]], [[Dan Gable]], [[Shawn Johnson]], [[Edward Lindberg]], [[Allie Morrison]], [[George Saling]], [[Cael Sanderson]], [[Kenneth Sitzberger]], and [[Frank Wykoff]]. Iowan athletes inducted into the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Baseball Hall of Fame]]  are [[Cap Anson]], [[Fred Clarke]],  and [[Bob Feller]]. In college [[American football|football]] [[Jay Berwanger]] was the first winner of the [[Downtown Athletic Club]] Trophy in 1935 which was later renamed the [[Heisman Trophy]] which [[Nile Kinnick]] won in 1939. In professional football [[Kurt Warner]] was the [[Super Bowl XXXIV]] [[Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award|MVP]] winner and 2 time [[NFL MVP]] award winner. [[Frank Gotch]] was a [[List of early world heavyweight champions in professional wrestling|World Heavyweight Wrestling Champion]]  and [[Zach Johnson]] won the [[2007 Masters Tournament|2007 Masters Golf Tournament]]. Iowan native [[Jeremy Hellickson]] won the 2011 [[American League Rookie of the Year]] award pitching for the [[Tampa Bay Rays]].
-==State symbols==
-[[File:Carduelis-tristis-002.jpg|thumb|[[Eastern Goldfinch]], Iowa state bird.]]
-*Nickname: The [[Hawkeye State]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Iowa State Nickname – The Hawkeye State | url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/Iowa/nickname_hawkeye.html |accessdate=November 2, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=State Nicknames | url=http://www.50states.com/bio/nickname2.htm |accessdate=November 2, 2009}}</ref>
-*Bird: [[Eastern Goldfinch]]<ref name="statesymbols"/>
-*Flower: [[Rosa arkansana|Wild Rose]]<ref name="statesymbols"/>
-*Grass: [[Bluebunch Wheatgrass]]<ref name="Census_Facts4Students">{{cite web | url = http://www.census.gov/schools/facts/iowa.html | title = State Facts for Students – Iowa | accessdate =November 20, 2007 | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau }}</ref>
-*Tree: [[Oak]]<ref name="statesymbols"/>
-*Motto: "Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain."<ref name="statesymbols"/>
-*Rock: [[Geode]]<ref name="statesymbols">{{cite web | title=Iowa General Assembly – Iowa State Symbols | url=http://www.legis.state.ia.us/Pubinfo/StateSymbols/ | publisher=legis.state.ia.us | accessdate=November 24, 2006}}</ref>
-{{clear}}
-==See also==
-{{portal|Iowa}}
-*[[Outline of Iowa]]
-*[[Index of Iowa-related articles]]
-{{clear}}
-==Notes==
-{{reflist|group=note}}
-==References==
-{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
-*[http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/usstates/iafamous.htm Worldatlas.com]
-==External links==
-{{Sister project links|Iowa}}
-*[http://www.iowa.gov/ Official State of Iowa Website]
-**[http://www.legis.state.ia.us/Constitution.html Constitution of the state of Iowa]
-*[http://www.traveliowa.com/ Iowa Travel and Tourism Division]
-*[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=IA Energy Data & Statistics for Iowa- From the U.S. Department of Energy]
-*[http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Iowa Iowa State Databases] – Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Iowa state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
-*[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/19000.html U.S. Census Bureau Quick Facts]
-*{{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Iowa}}
-* {{osmrelation-inline|161650}}
-{{Iowa|expanded}}
-{{IA Parks}}
-{{United States political divisions}}
-{{United States topics}}
-{{Geographic location
- | Northwest = {{flag|South Dakota}}
- | North = {{flag|Minnesota}}
- | Northeast = {{flag|Wisconsin}}
- | West = {{flag|Nebraska}}
- | Centre = '' Iowa'': [[Outline of Iowa|Outline]] • [[Index of Iowa-related articles|Index]]
- | East = {{flag|Illinois}}
- | Southwest = {{flag|Nebraska}}
- | South = {{flag|Missouri}}
- | Southeast = {{flag|Illinois}}
-}}
-{{succession
-| preceded = Texas
-| office = [[List of U.S. states by date of statehood]]
-| years = Admitted on December 28, 1846 (29th)
-| succeeded = [[Wisconsin]]
-}}
-{{Coord|display=title|42|N|93|W|region:US-IA_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}
+{{Stub}}
 [[Category:Iowa| ]]
 [[Category:States of the United States]]