San Jose State University

San Jose State University (often abbreviated San Jose State or SJSU) is a public university located in San Jose, California, United States. It is the founding campus of the California State University (CSU) system, and holds the distinction of being the oldest public institution of higher education on the West Coast of the United States.

Located in downtown San Jose, the SJSU main campus is situated on 154 acre, or roughly 19 square blocks. SJSU offers 156 different Bachelor's degrees, 90 Master's degrees, and 19 teaching credentials. The university does not confer Doctoral degrees. In the Fall 2012 semester, SJSU enrolled 30,448 students in over 130 different bachelor's and master's degree programs.

SJSU's student population is one of the most ethnically diverse in the nation, with large Asian, Hispanic, and Eastern enrollments, as well as the highest foreign student enrollment of all master's institutions in the United States.

Popular undergraduate majors at SJSU include business, engineering, visual and performing arts, nursing, psychology, justice studies, biology, kinesiology, journalism and computer science. Popular fields of study among graduate students include engineering, library and information science, education and social work.

San Jose State University claims to provide Silicon Valley firms with more engineering, computer science and business graduates than any other college or university, and philanthropic support of SJSU is among the highest in the CSU system. SJSU's Engineering School is ranked one of the best in the world by Business Insider.

SJSU sports teams are known as the Spartans, and compete in the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) in NCAA Division I.

Establishment
What is now San José State University was originally established in 1857 as the Minns' Evening Normal School in San Francisco. The school was founded by George W. Minns.

In 1862, by act of the California legislature, Minns' Evening Normal School became the California State Normal School and graduated 54 women from a three-year program.

The school eventually moved to San Jose in 1871 and was given Washington Square Park at Fourth and San Carlos Streets, where the campus remains to this day.

In 1881, the first branch campus of the California State Normal School was announced, which later became the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). A large bell was forged that year to commemorate the original California State Normal School location in San Jose. The bell was inscribed with the words "California State Normal School, A.D. 1881," and would sound on special occasions until 1946 when the college obtained new chimes. The original bell appears on the SJSU campus to this day, and is still associated with various student traditions and rituals.

In 1921, the school's name changed to the State Teachers College at San José. In 1935, the State Teachers Colleges became the California State Colleges, and the school's name was changed again, this time to San Jose State College. In 1972, upon meeting criteria established by the Board of Trustees and the Coordinating Council for Higher Education, SJSC was granted university status, and the name was changed to California State University, San Jose.

Finally, in 1974, the California legislature voted to change the school's name to San Jose State University.

Historical Milestones

 * In 1930, the Justice Studies Department was founded as a two-year police science degree program. It holds the distinction of offering the first policing degree in the United States. A stone monument and plaque are displayed close to the site of the original Police School near Tower Hall.


 * In 1942, the old gym (now named Yoshihiro Uchida Hall, after SJSU judo coach Yosh Uchida) was used to register and collect Japanese Americans before sending them to internment camps. Coincidentally, Uchida's parents and siblings were among those processed in the building.


 * In 1963, in an effort to save Tower Hall from demolition, SJSU students and alumni organized testimonials before the State College Board of Trustees, sent telegrams, and provided signed petitions. As a result of those efforts, the Tower, a prime campus landmark and SJSU icon, was refurbished and reopened in 1966. The Tower was again renovated and restored in 2007. Tower Hall is registered with the California Office of Historic Preservation.


 * During the 1960s and early 1970s, San Jose State College witnessed a rise in political activism and civic awareness among its student body, including major student protests against the Vietnam War. One of the largest campus protests took place in 1967 when Dow Chemical Company - a major manufacturer of napalm used in the war - came to campus to conduct job recruiting. An estimated 3,000 students and bystanders surrounded the Seventh Street Administration building, and more than 200 students and teachers lay down on the ground in front of the recruiters.


 * In 1972–1973, the economics department experienced political turmoil as the administration conducted a purge of left-leaning professors. For several years thereafter, the economics department was under censor by the American Association of University Professors.


 * Since 1982, the English department has sponsored the annual Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest.


 * In 1999, San Jose State and the City of San Jose agreed to combine their main libraries to form a joint city/university library located on campus, the first known collaboration of this type in the United States. The combined library faced opposition, with critics stating the two libraries have very different objectives and that the project would be too expensive. Despite opposition, the project proceeded, and the new Martin Luther King, Jr. Library opened on-time and on-budget in 2003. The new library has won several national awards since its initial opening.


 * During its 2006-2007 fiscal year, SJSU received a record US$50+ million in private gifts and US$84 million in capital campaign contributions.


 * In March 2007, a group of San Jose State students sponsored an official student initiative to restore the words "California State University" to the school's official public identity while preserving the "SJSU" city-state name. Although the measure was defeated, it garnered substantial Bay Area media coverage. Some 600 students voted in favor of the measure, amounting to roughly 25% of the students casting ballots in the election.


 * In 2008, SJSU received a CASE WealthEngine Award in recognition of raising over US$100 million. SJSU was one of approximately 50 institutions nationwide honored by CASE in 2008 for overall performance in educational fundraising.


 * In 2010, SJSU President Don Kassing officially launched the public phase of SJSU's first-ever comprehensive capital fundraising campaign dubbed "Acceleration: the Campaign for San Jose State University." The goal of the campaign is to raise US$200 million by 2014. By the time the public phase was officially launched in October 2010, the campaign had already raised over US$128 million.

Campus
The SJSU main campus comprises approximately 55 buildings situated on a rectangular,154 acre area in downtown San Jose. The campus is bordered by San Fernando Street to the north, San Salvador Street to the south, South 4th Street to the west, and South 10th Street to the east. The South Campus, which is home to many of the school's athletics facilities, is located approximately 1.5 mi south of the main campus on South 7th Street.

California State Normal School did not receive a permanent home until it moved from San Francisco to San Jose in 1871. The original California State Normal School campus in San Jose consisted of several rectangular, wooden buildings with a central grass quadrangle. The wooden buildings were destroyed by fire in 1880 and were replaced by interconnected stone and masonry structures of roughly the same configuration in 1881. These buildings were declared unsafe following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and were being torn down when an aftershock of the magnitude that was predicted to destroy the buildings occurred and no damage was observed. Accordingly, demolition was stopped, and the portions of the buildings still standing were made into four halls: Tower Hall, Morris Dailey Auditorium, Washington Square Hall, and Dwight Bentel Hall. These four structures remain standing to this day, and are the oldest buildings on campus.

Beginning in the fall of 1994, the on-campus segments of San Carlos Street, Seventh Street and Ninth Street were closed to automobile traffic and converted to pedestrian walkways and green belts within the campus. San Carlos Street was renamed Paseo San Carlos, Seventh Street became El Paseo de César Chávez, and Ninth Street is now called the Ninth Street Plaza. The project was completed in 1996.

Completed in 1999, the Business Classroom Project was a US$16 million renovation of the James F. Boccardo Business Education Center.



Completed in 1999, the US$1.5 million Heritage Gateway project was unveiled. The privately funded project featured construction of eight oversized gateways around the main campus perimeter.

In the Fall of 2000, the SJSU Police Department, which is part of the larger California State University Police Department, opened a new on-campus, multi-level facility on 7th Street.

The new US$177 million Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library, which opened its doors on August 1, 2003, won the Library Journal's prestigious 2004 Library of the Year award, the publication’s highest honor. The King Library represents the first collaboration of its kind between a university and a major U.S. city. The library is eight stories high, has 475000 sqft of floor space, and houses approximately 1.6 million volumes. San Jose's first public library occupied the same site from 1901 to 1936, and SJSU's Wahlquist Library occupied the site from 1961 to 2000, at which point it was torn down to begin construction of the King Library.

In 2002, three of SJSU's six red brick residence halls were demolished and replaced with the new Campus Village residence complex. The US$200 million housing facility comprises three buildings ranging from seven to 15 stories tall. The project increased student capacity for on-campus housing to roughly 3,500, and provides housing options for first-year students, upper-class students, graduate students and faculty, staff and guests of the university. Campus Village officially opened in 2005.

In 2006, a US$2 million renovation of Tower Hall was completed. Tower Hall is the oldest and most recognizable building on campus.

Additional on-campus facilities
In 2007, the School of Library and Information Science opened a virtual campus in Second Life, complete with faculty offices, classrooms, student lounge and library e-resources. The project was supported by grants from a number of sources including the Soros Foundation.

SJSU is home to the 10000 sqft, three-story Nuclear Science Facility. It is the only nuclear science facility of its kind in the California State University system.

Located on the main campus, the SJSU Aquatic Center features an outdoor Olympic-size swimming pool. The pool is open year-round and is believed to be among the largest outdoor pools in California.

Located on the main campus, The Event Center Arena seats approximately 5,000 people for athletic events and over 6,000 for concerts, and features an attached recreation center that includes a basketball practice gym, racquetball courts, a weight room and a climbing wall.

The SJSU Student Union is a four-story, stand alone facility that features a food court, the Spartan Bookstore, a multi-level study area, ballrooms, a bowling alley, music room, and a large game room. In June 2010, a US$91 million renovation and expansion project of the SJSU Student Union commenced. The project is expected to take about 30 months to complete, with the new facility opening its doors sometime in 2013.

In May 2011, construction of a new student health and counseling facility commenced. The project will cost an estimated US$33 million, and is scheduled to be completed in May 2013.

South Campus
Many of SJSU's athletics facilities, including Spartan Stadium and Blethen Field (baseball), along with the athletics department administrative offices and multiple training and practice facilities, are located on the 62 acre South Campus approximately 1.5 mi south of the main campus near 7th Street. The south campus also is home to student overflow parking. Shuttle buses run between the main campus and south campus every 10 to 15 minutes Monday through Friday.

Off-campus facilities

 * SJSU Simpkins International House (360 South 11th Street, San Jose) provides housing for domestic as well as international students of the university. International House (also known as I-House) accommodates 70 residents from approximately 35 countries worldwide each semester.


 * SJSU Department of Aviation and Technology maintains a 6000 sqft academic facility at the Reid-Hillview Airport as part of the Aviation Program.


 * SJSU manages the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in Moss Landing, California, on the Monterey Bay. MLML is a cooperative research facility of seven CSU campuses.


 * Art and Metal Foundry (1036 South 5th Street, San Jose)


 * Associated Students Child Development Center (460 South 8th Street, San Jose)


 * SJSU International and Extended Studies facility (384 South 2nd Street, San Jose). This off-campus classroom building houses SJSU's International Gateway Programs, a collection of classes geared toward introducing international students to English language and American culture.


 * University Club (408 South 8th Street, San Jose), is a 16-room, multi-level dining, special events, and bed-and-breakfast style residence facility for faculty, staff, visiting scholars and graduate students of the university. This building is currently occupied by Alpha Omicron Pi sorority in agreement with the university.


 * Known simply as North Fourth Street (210 North 4th Street, San Jose), this four-story facility houses the Global Studies Institute, Governmental & External Affairs, International and Extended Studies, the Mineta Transportation Institute, the Processed Foods Institute, and the SJSU Research Foundation.

Organization
As a member institution of the California State University System, San Jose State falls under the jurisdiction of the California State University Board of Trustees and the Chancellor of the California State University.

The chief executive of San Jose State University is the university president. The current president is Dr. Mohammad Qayoumi. Qayoumi was named president of SJSU March 23, 2011. Qayoumi previously served as president of California State University, East Bay.

San Jose State offers 69 bachelors degrees with 81 concentrations, and 65 masters degrees with 29 concentrations.

The University is home to eight colleges and seven schools (listed below):
 * College of Applied Sciences & Arts
 * College of Business
 * Connie L. Lurie College of Education
 * The Charles W. Davidson College of Engineering
 * College of Humanities & the Arts
 * College of International & Extended Studies
 * College of Science
 * College of Social Sciences
 * Donald and Sally Lucas Graduate School of Business
 * School of Art & Design
 * School of Journalism & Mass Communications
 * School of Library & Information Science
 * School of Music & Dance
 * The Valley Foundation School of Nursing
 * School of Social Work

SJSU also is home to a burgeoning eCampus community called International and Extended Studies (IES), which coordinates continuing education and professional development programs.

Programs
Fall Freshman Statistics San Jose State enrolls approximately 31,000 students in over 130 different bachelor's and master's degree programs. There are approximately 24,000 undergraduate students enrolled at SJSU, and 6,500 graduate students. The university generally does not offer doctoral degrees, however, it does offer a joint Ph.D. program in library science through Queensland University of Technology and a joint Ph.D. program in engineering through Mississippi State University. SJSU's School of Nursing will begin offering a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree program in 2012, and SJSU's College of Education recently launched an Ed.D. program in educational leadership in 2011-12. The DNP program will be offered jointly in collaboration with California State University, Fresno. The Ed.D. program represents SJSU's first independent doctoral degree offering.

As of fall 2009, the fields of study in highest demand at SJSU were (in descending order of popularity): business, engineering, visual and performing arts, nursing, education, psychology, justice studies, library and information science, biology, kinesiology, journalism, and computer science. Programs somewhat unique to SJSU include aviation science, transportation management, meteorology, software engineering, and sustainable and green manufacturing technology.

Business-related programs account for the single most popular field of study at SJSU. As of fall 2009, roughly 23% of all undergraduates at SJSU were business majors. The university's College of Business, with almost 6,000 undergraduate and graduate students, is the second largest college at SJSU and among the largest business schools in the country. It is accredited by the AACSB International at both the graduate and undergraduate levels, a distinction held by less than 5% of business programs worldwide.

Engineering-related programs make up the second most popular field of study at SJSU. As of fall 2009, the university's seven engineering disciplines accounted for roughly 12% of all undergraduate majors. The university's Charles W. Davidson College of Engineering, with over 4,700 undergraduate and graduate students and approximately 350 faculty and staff members, is the third largest college on campus behind the College of Applied Sciences and Arts and the College of Business.

As of fall 2009, visual and performing arts programs accounted for roughly 8% of all undergraduate majors at SJSU, and amounted to the third most popular field of study at SJSU behind business and engineering. The university's School of Art and Design enrolls over 1,900 students and employs nearly 100 faculty and staff members. SJSU's School of Music and Dance comprises approximately 300 students and 60 faculty and staff members.

As of fall 2009, pre-nursing and nursing students comprised roughly 6% of undergraduate enrollment, followed by psychology at 5%, justice studies at 4%, biology, kinesiology, and journalism all weighing in at 3%, and computer science rounding out SJSU's top-ten most popular undergraduate fields of study at 2%.

As of fall 2009, engineering-related programs accounted for approximately 30% of graduate student enrollment, followed by library and information science at approximately 15%, education at 12%, social work at 5%, and visual and performing arts at 4%.

Rankings

 * According to U.S. News and World Report's college rankings (2012), San Jose State ranks 39th among regional universities in the western United States and 10th among western regional public institutions. The 2012 rankings represent a slight improvement since 2011, in which SJSU ranked 44th overall and 14th among western regional public institutions. U.S. News and World Report consistently ranks SJSU among the top 20 public regional universities in the west, with SJSU achieving its highest overall ranking to date in 2008, when the university placed 8th among western regional public schools.


 * SJSU’s Charles W. Davidson College of Engineering ranks 7th in the nation among public engineering programs offering bachelor’s and master’s degrees (excluding service academies), and 27th overall among all 193 engineering schools on the list, according to U.S. News and World Report (2012).


 * SJSU's graduate school of Library and Information Science ranks 22nd in the nation, and its School Library Media specialty ranks 4th nationally, according to U.S. News and World Report (Best Graduate Schools 2012).


 * SJSU's graduate program in occupational therapy ranks 31st in the nation, according to U.S. News and World Report (Best Graduate Schools 2012).


 * SJSU's graduate program in social work ranks 71st in the nation, according to U.S. News and World Report (Best Graduate Schools 2012).


 * SJSU's graduate program in fine arts ranks 81st in the nation, according to U.S. News and World Report (Best Graduate Schools 2012).
 * SJSU's graduate program in speech language pathology ranks 87th in the nation, according to U.S. News and World Report (Best Graduate Schools 2012).


 * SJSU's graduate program in public affairs ranks 100th in the nation, according to U.S. News and World Report (Best Graduate Schools 2012).


 * SJSU's graduate program in nursing ranks 193rd, in the nation according to U.S. News and World Report (Best Graduate Schools 2012).


 * SJSU ranks 3rd among regional universities in the West for least amount of student debt at graduation, according to U.S. News and World Report (2012).


 * The Princeton Review lists San Jose State's Lucas Graduate School of Business among the best 300 business programs in the nation (2011).


 * SJSU made the Forbes list of "America's Best Colleges" in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011.


 * SJSU ranks 29th nationally by salary potential among all state schools in the nation, according to the PayScale, Inc. annual salary survey (2012-2013). According to the survey, the median annual starting salary for SJSU alumni is $51,100. The median annual mid-career salary for SJSU alumni is $90,100.


 * In 2009, the city of San Jose was named the nation's top mid-size metro college destination, according to the American Institute for Economic Research College Destinations Index for 2009-2010. The index analyzes the academic environment, quality of life, and professional opportunity in more than 360 cities across the U.S.


 * As of 2007, SJSU's School of Art and Design appears on BusinessWeek's list of the "60 Best Design Schools in the World."

Admissions
Admission to SJSU is based on a combination of the applicant's high school cumulative grade point average (GPA) and standardized test scores. These factors are used to determine the applicant's California State University (CSU) eligibility index. More specifically, the eligibility index is a weighted combination of high school grade point average during the final three years of high school and a score on either the SAT or ACT. As of 2008, the average SAT score for incoming freshmen was 1,004, and the average high school GPA for incoming freshmen was 3.21.

The CSU eligibility index is calculated by using either the SAT or ACT as follows:


 * (SAT scores in mathematics and critical reading) + (800 x GPA) or (10 x ACT composite score without the writing score) + (200 x GPA)

The university recently formed a cross-enrollment agreement with National Hispanic University. Students enrolled at one institution are able to enroll in up to 6 credits per semester at the other institution. Additionally, students may transfer between institutions with up to 60 credits.

Athletics


San Jose State University has participated in athletics since it first fielded a baseball team in 1890. SJSU sports teams are known as the Spartans, and compete in the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) in NCAA Division I.

San Jose State University sports teams have won NCAA titles in track and field, golf, and boxing. As of 2010, SJSU has won 10 NCAA team championships and produced 50 NCAA Division 1 individual champions. SJSU also has achieved an international reputation for its judo program, winning 43 out of 46 national collegiate championships in the sport (as of 2008).

SJSU alumni have won 18 Olympic medals (including seven gold medals) dating back to the first gold medal won by Willie Steel in track and field in the 1948 Olympics. Alumni also have won medals in swimming, judo and boxing.

The legendary track team coached by "Bud" Winter earned San Jose the nickname "Speed City," and produced Olympic medalists and social activists Lee Evans, John Carlos and Tommie Smith. Smith and Carlos are perhaps best remembered for giving the raised fist salute from the medalist's podium during the 1968 Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City.

As of April 2012, current head coaches from the baseball, women’s golf, women’s gymnastics, men's soccer, women's soccer and women's swimming and diving programs had all received conference “Coach of the Year” honors.

After a strong season under coach Mike MacIntyre, the Spartans competed in the 2012 Military Bowl, emerging victorious.

Faculty and research
San Jose State University employs approximately 1,600 faculty members, 87 percent of whom hold doctorate degrees.

According to the National Science Foundation's latest survey data (2007), San Jose State's research expenditures totaled just over US$34 million, placing it second only to San Diego State University in total R&D expenditures out of all 23 California State University (CSU) campuses, and 196th out of 662 colleges and universities nationwide.

According to the 2007 National Science Foundation survey, SJSU placed second out of all 23 CSU campuses and 211th out of 1,216 institutions nationwide for total federal support of science and engineering.

SJSU placed first out of all 23 CSU campuses and 64th out of 566 institutions nationwide for total number of full-time graduate students in science, engineering and health fields, according to the NSF.

Research collections located at SJSU include the Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies and the Martha Heasley Cox Center for Steinbeck Studies.

SJSU research partnerships include the SJSU Metropolitan Technology Center at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, the Cisco Networking Laboratory, and the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories.

SJSU also is home to the Mineta Transportation Institute.

Since 2001, the university has operated the Survey and Policy Research Institute (SPRI), which conducts the quarterly, high-profile California Consumer Confidence Survey and many other research projects.

In spring 2007, an SJSU engineering professor and his students made headlines with their development of the ZEM (Zero EMissions) Car, a Human Hybrid Powered Vehicle (HHPV). The vehicle won the National I2P (Idea-to-Product) Competition for EPICS and Social Entrepreneurship at Princeton University. The ZEM car is the first of its kind to be powered by human, solar, and electric energy.

On 21 July 2012, SJSU will launch its first CubeSat, TechEdSat, in a partnership with NASA Ames Research Center.

Students
As the oldest and one of the largest universities in the CSU system, SJSU attracts students from throughout California, the United States and 100 countries around the world. According to the Institute of International Education, San Jose State has the highest foreign student enrollment of all master's institutions in the United States (2008–2009).

As of the fall semester 2012, approximately 30,448 students were enrolled at SJSU. There are approximately 25,000 undergraduate students enrolled at SJSU, and 5,000 graduate students. As of 2012, enrollment comprised approximately 14,690 men and 15,798 women. The average age of full-time undergraduates at SJSU is 23.

SJSU's student population is one of the most ethnically diverse in the nation, with large Asian (including Japanese, Taiwanese, Indian, Cambodian, Vietnamese, Filipino, Chinese, and Hmong), Eastern (Egyptian, Iranian, Indian, Bulgarian,Saudi, and Turksih) and Hispanic enrollments.

Although the university is widely viewed as a commuter school, approximately 3,500 students live in campus housing, and community impact studies show an estimated 5,000 more students live within easy walking or biking distance of the campus. Additionally, approximately 45% of all first-year (freshman) students live in campus residence facilities.

As of June 2012, there are 382 recognized student organizations at SJSU. These include academic and honorary organizations, cultural and religious organizations, special interest organizations, fraternities and sororities, and a wide variety of club sports organizations.

Fraternities and Sororities
SJSU is home to 42 social fraternity and sorority chapters managed by Student Involvement. Eighteen of them maintain chapter homes in the residential community east of campus along South 10th and 11th streets, north of campus along San Fernando street, or south of campus along San Salvador street, 8th street, or Reed street, in downtown San Jose. An additional twenty-six fraternites are co-ed and are either major related, honors related, or community service related. Approximately 6% of male students join social fraternities, and 6% of female students join social sororities.

Spartan Squad
Founded in 2005, the Spartan Squad is the official student booster program at San Jose State. The Spartan Squad is run by the Associated Students and is open to all undergraduate and graduate students enrolled at San Jose State. Its stated mission is to increase student attendance at sporting events and cultivate school pride throughout the campus community. The Spartan Squad members are easily recognized wearing the group's signature gold T-shirts designed by San Jose State graphic design student Dang Nguyen. Class of 2006 graduates Matthew Olivieri and Brad Villeggiante are credited with founding the group.

Student press
The school newspaper, The Spartan Daily, was founded in 1934 and is published four days a week when classes are in session. The publication follows a broadsheet format and boasts a daily print circulation of over 6,000, as well as a daily on-line edition. The newspaper is produced by journalism and advertising students enrolled in SJSU's School of Journalism and Mass Communications.

Update News is a weekly, student-produced television newscast that airs every weekend on KICU, Channel 36 in San Jose. The newscast is produced by San Jose State broadcast journalism students, and has aired in the Bay Area in one form or another since the 1960s. Update News also features a daily live webcast. "Equal Time" is a half-hour news-magazine show, airing Saturday afternoons on KQED+, Channel 54 in San Jose and located on other channels throughout the Bay Area.

KSJS, 90.5 FM, is the university's radio station, broadcasting live San Jose State athletics and features five different types of music (electronic, urban, jazz, subversive rock, and rock en espanol), as well as specialty talk shows.

Noted people
About 80 percent of San Jose State’s nearly 200,000 alumni of record live in the San Francisco Bay Area. The other 20 percent are scattered around the globe, with concentrations in Southern California, Seattle, Portland, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C. and New York City.

SJSU claims to provide more engineering, computer science and business graduates to the Silicon Valley than any other university in the world.

Nearly 200 SJSU graduates have founded, co-founded, served or serve as senior executives or officers of public and private companies reporting annual sales between US$40 million and US$26 billion.

Notable companies founded by SJSU students and alumni include Intel Corporation (1968), Specialized Bicycle Components (1974), Oracle Corporation (1977), and Seagate Technology (1979).