Florida State Seminoles

The Florida State Seminoles are the athletic teams representing Florida State University. They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level (Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) sub-level for football), primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for all sports since the 1991-92 season; within the Atlantic Division in any sports split into a divisional format since the 2005-06 season. The Seminoles previously competed in the Metro Conference from 1976-77 to 1990-91. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, swimming & diving, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. The sand volleyball team is non-ACC/NCAA.

The current athletic director is Colonel Randy Spetman, who was introduced on February 4, 2008.

The Seminoles field 18 teams, 8 men and 10 women and have won 12 team National Titles, over 100 team Conference Titles as well as numerous individual national and conference titles. In 1999, the Seminoles football team became the first national champion to begin the season as the top-ranked team without losing that position for the entire season. Recently, the men's outdoor track and field team has won three consecutive NCAA national titles.

The "Seminoles" name, chosen by students in a 1947 vote, alludes to Florida's Seminole people who in the early nineteenth century resisted efforts of the United States government to remove them from Florida. Since 1978 the teams have been represented by the symbols Osceola and Renegade. The symbol represents an actual historical figure, Seminole war leader Osceola, whose clothing represents appropriate period dress. The athletic logo, in use since the early 1970s, shows a profile of a shouting Seminole warrior in circle. The model for the logo was Florida State music faculty member Thomas Wright, composer of the Florida State University Fight Song and Victory Song. The use of names and images associated with Seminole history is officially sanctioned by the Seminole Tribe of Florida.

Overview
Florida State Athletics began in 1902 when the then Florida State College football teams played three seasons. The 1905 Buckman Act reorganized the existing seven Florida colleges into three institutions, segregated by race and gender. As a result of this reorganization, the coeducational Florida State College was renamed the Florida State College for Women. The Florida State University became a co-ed institution in 1947 with most of the newly enrolled male students back from service in World War II. Athletic programs quickly resumed and Florida State fielded its first football team in 43 years with FSU facing Stetson on October 18, 1947.

Florida State was a founding member of the Dixie Conference in 1948 when other southern institutions seeking to create a "purely amateur" athletic conference based on the principle of complete amateurism, with no athletic scholarships. Three years later FSU left the conference to become an independent, having won 3 football, and 2 Men's Track and Field Conference Titles.

In 1976 Florida State joined the Metro Conference in all sports except football, which remained independent. The Metro Conference never sponsored football in the first place. For fifteen years Florida State competed and won 47 conference titles as well as a women's golf National Title, two Softball National Titles and two women's Track and Field National Titles. At the beginning of the 1992 academic fall term Florida State joined the Atlantic Coast Conference.

Since the 1991–1992 academic year, Florida State has been a member of the ACC. In 1993 and 1999 FSU Football won the National Championships. The Men's track and Field team have won three consecutive national titles since 2006. After the 2005 conference expansion was complete FSU was placed in the newly formed Atlantic Division. In the 2005 Inaugural ACC Football Championship game FSU defeated Virginia Tech 27–22.

Florida State's school colors of garnet and gold are a merging of the University's past. In 1904 and 1905 the Florida State College won football championships wearing purple and gold uniforms. When FSC became Florida State College for Women in 1905, the FSCW student body selected crimson as the official school color. The administration in 1905 took crimson and combined it with the recognizable purple of the championship football teams to achieve the color garnet. The now-famous garnet and gold colors were first used on an FSU uniform in a 14–6 loss to Stetson on October 18, 1947.

There are 8 men's athletic teams and 10 women's teams currently fielded by FSU. They are:

Facilities
There are two major stadiums and an arena within FSU's main campus. Bobby Bowden Field at Doak Campbell Stadium named after one of the winningest coaches in Division 1 college football history as well as President Campbell which during his administration was instrumental in beginning the Florida-Florida State rivalry. Its capacity is around 83,000. Mike Martin Field at Dick Howser Stadium is the home for Seminole baseball and is named for the longtime Seminole skipper, Mike Martin and for former coach Dick Howser, manager for Kansas City, Cleveland, and the New York Yankees as well as returning to coach at Florida State in 1979. The Donald L. Tucker Center is home for men’s and women’s basketball.

Mike Long track is the home of the three time National Champion Men’s Track and Field team. The track has undergone a complete revamp and in 2003 a brand new track, complete with a new surface, wider lanes, faster turns and a larger infield area for hosting field events was unveiled. The new Mcintosh Track and Field Building on the corner of Spirit Way and Chieftan Way in the southern end of the track was completed in 2008 weeks before the Seminoles won their third consecutive National Title.

H. Donald Loucks courts at the Speicher Tennis Center is the home for FSU Tennis. The complex was named in honor of Lieutenant Commander Michael Scott Speicher, a graduate of Florida State University and the first American casualty during Operation Desert Storm. By presidential directive, the facility bears the name the "Scott Speicher Tennis Center."

The Seminole Soccer Complex is home for women’s soccer normally holds a capacity of 1,600 people but has seen crowds in excess of 4,500 for certain games. The home record is 4,582 for a game versus Florida.

The Seminole softball plays at the Seminole Softball Complex and the team takes the field that holds the name of the winningest coach in softball history, Dr. JoAnne Graf.

Rivalries
Florida State's traditional rivals in all sports include the University of Florida Gators and the University of Miami Hurricanes. Florida State University is the only school in the State of Florida to play both the Miami Hurricanes and Florida Gators year in and year out in all sports.

The Bowden Bowl involving Florida State and Clemson University was played from 1999 to 2007. This gridiron rivalry was played between father Bobby Bowden, head coach at FSU, and his son Tommy Bowden, former head coach at Clemson. As of October 13, 2008, Clemson University forced the resignation of Tommy Bowden and thus the Bowden Bowl Era faded into history. FSU & Bobby led the series 5–4.

Florida State University was founded with money donated by Francis Eppes VII, a grandson of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States (1801–1809), principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776) and founder of the University of Virginia. As a result, both teams play for the Jefferson-Eppes trophy in football. With the recent realignment of the divisions in the Atlantic Coast Conference the Florida State Seminoles found themselves in one division and the Virginia Cavaliers in another.

FSU enjoys baseball rivalries primarily with the University of Miami and several other ACC teams, including the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets and Clemson University Tigers.

Conference Championships
Total Conference Championships (126)


 * Atlantic Coast Conference (67)
 * Metro Conference (50)
 * Dixie Conference (5)
 * Southeastern Independent Conference (3)
 * Florida Intercollegiate Conference (1)



National Championships
Since their beginning of intercollegiate competition, Florida State University's varsity athletic teams have won twelve national team championships.

Men's National Championships Women's National Championships
 * Football (2) - 1993, 1999
 * Gymnastics (2) - 1951, 1952
 * Outdoor Track & Field (3*) - 2006, 2007*, 2008
 * Golf (1) - 1981
 * Indoor Track and Field (1) - 1984
 * Outdoor Track and Field (1) - 1985
 * Softball (2) - 1981, 1982

Note: The Golf and Softball national championships were awarded by the AIAW.

Baseball
Seminole baseball is one of the most successful collegiate baseball programs in the United States having been to 20 College World Series in 49 Tournament appearances, and having appeared in the national championship final on three occasions (falling to the University of Southern California Trojans in 1970, the University of Arizona Wildcats in 1986, and the University of Miami Hurricanes in 1999).

Under the command of Head Coach No. 11 Mike Martin (FSU 1966), Florida State is the second-winningest program in the history of college baseball. Since 1990, FSU has had more 50 win seasons, headed to more NCAA Tournaments (19 Regional Tournaments in 20 years), and finished in the top 10 more than any team in the United States. Since 2000, FSU is the winningest program in college baseball with more victories and a higher winning percentage in the regular season than any other school. Despite their regular-season success and winning sixteen conference championships, Florida State is still chasing their first College World Series Championship.

Mike Martin Field at Dick Howser Stadium



 * Field dimensions:
 * 340’ – left field
 * 400’ – center field
 * 320’ – right field
 * Stadium capacity: 6,700

Mike Martin Field at Dick Howser Stadium is located on the FSU campus. When it opened in 1983, it held approximately 6,000 seats. A two-year, $12 million project that was completed in 2004 upgraded the stadium capacity to 6,700 and installed a new video board, a new public address system, the Griffin Family Clubhouse and the Mike Loynd Tradition Room.

Mike Martin Field is also home to the Animals of Section B, a boisterous group of baseball fans whose name dates to 1978.

Donald L. Tucker Center
Donald L. Tucker Center is a 12,100-seat multi-purpose arena in Tallahassee, Florida, located just a block southeast of the FSU main campus. The arena opened in 1981 was built at a cost of $33.8 million. It is home to the Florida State University Seminoles men's and women's basketball teams. Formerly known as the Tallahassee-Leon County Civic Center, it was renamed, in accordance with a 2004 act of state legislation, in honor of Donald L. Tucker, a former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives and Special Ambassador for the United States to the Dominican Republic. Prior to the opening of the Tucker Center, Florida State's basketball teams played on-campus at Tully Gymnasium.

Men's Basketball
Florida State's basketball program has enjoyed modest success since their first appearance in the NCAA tournament in 1968. Over the last forty years, the Seminoles have played for the national title in the NCAA championship game in 1972, advanced to the Sweet 16 round in 1992 and 2011, and the Elite Eight round in 1993.

The Tucker Center has 34 luxury suites, 468 club seats as well as a 450-seat arena-view restaurant. A four-sided Megavision video display is located in the center of the arena

Florida State is one of only two ACC schools that have had at least one player selected in each of the last five NBA Drafts. Hearing their names called on recent draft days were Tim Pickett by the New Orleans Hornets in 2004, Von Wafer by the Los Angeles Lakers in 2005, Alexander Johnson by the Indiana Pacers in 2006, Al Thornton by the Los Angeles Clippers in 2007, Toney Douglas by the Los Angeles Lakers (then traded to the New York Knicks) in 2009, Solomon Alabi by the Dallas Mavericks (then traded to the Toronto Raptors) in 2010 and Ryan Reid by the Indiana Pacers (then traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder) in 2010. A total of 37 Seminoles have been selected in the NBA Draft including seven first round picks. Among those first round selections are Dave Cowens, one of the greatest centers in NBA history, and George McCloud, the first lottery selection in school history. Today, five Seminoles are on NBA rosters and 16 have played in the league in the last 17 years.

Women's Basketball
Like the Florida State men's team, the Seminole women's team plays its basketball in the Donald L. Tucker Center. FSU has seen recent success under head coach Sue Semrau. In the 2004–05, 2005–06, and 2006–07 seasons, FSU recorded 20 or more wins, finished 4th in the ACC regular season standings, and advanced to the NCAA Women's Tournament each year. In the 2005–06 season, FSU entered the USA Today/ESPN Coaches Poll for the first time at No. 19. The Seminoles earned a No. 6 seed in the 2005–06 NCAA Women's Tournament. In the 2006–07 season, Florida State advanced to its first NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 in school history with a 68–61 victory at Stanford. The FSU women ended the 2007–08 season with 19 wins, following a 2nd round NCAA loss to Oklahoma State in overtime by just one point. In the last three years, Florida State's women's team has continued its success, making the NCAA Tournament each year, including reaching the Elite Eight round, the deepest advance in the tournament in program history, in 2010. In that year, Coach Semrau's women fell to eventual national champion and perennial women's basketball power, Connecticut.

Football


In 1902, the Florida State College in Tallahassee fielded its first varsity football team. The FSC program posted a record of 7–6–1 over the next three seasons, including a record of 3–1 against their rivals from the old University of Florida (formerly known as Florida Agricultural College) in Lake City. In 1904, the Florida State College football team became the first-ever state champions of Florida after beating both the University of Florida and Stetson University. In 1905, however, the Florida Legislature reorganized the state's higher education system by abolishing the existing state-supported colleges, and creating the new University of the State of Florida in Gainesville, and the new Florida State College for Women in Tallahassee. Many former Florida State College male students transferred to the new University of the State of Florida (renamed the University of Florida in 1909).

Following World War II, Florida State College for Women became coeducational and was renamed Florida State University in 1947, and the school once again started a football team. After its first season, FSU joined the Dixie Conference, which it won in each of the three years it was a member. It withdrew from the conference in 1951 and competed as an independent team for the next forty years.

Under head coach Bobby Bowden, the Seminoles football team became one of the nation's most competitive football teams, greatly expanding the tradition of football at Florida State. The Seminoles played in five national championship games between 1993 and 2001, and have claimed the championship twice, in 1993 and 1999. The FSU football team was the most successful team in college football during the 1990s, boasting an 89% winning percentage. FSU also set an NCAA record for most consecutive Top 5 finishes in the AP football poll – receiving placement 14 years in a row, from 1987 to 2000. The Seminoles were the first college football team in history to go wire-to-wire (ranked first place from preseason to postseason) since the AP began releasing preseason rankings in 1936. FSU also owns the record for most consecutive Bowl game victories with 11 between 1985 and 1996. The Seminole Football team has also won 15 Conference championships in the Dixie and Atlantic Coast. The Seminoles are currently coached by Jimbo Fisher.

Former Florida State football head coach Bobby Bowden officially holds the all-time record for career NCAA Division 1 football wins. Florida State's football program has produced many players who go on to NFL careers, including Fred Biletnikoff, Deion Sanders, Terrell Buckley, Derrick Brooks, Sebastian Janikowski, Walter Jones, Corey Simon, Anquan Boldin, Javon Walker, Warrick Dunn, Peter Boulware, Laveranues Coles, Brad Johnson, Samari Rolle, Christian Ponder and many others.

The Sod Cemetery
In 1962, as the Seminoles completed their Thursday practice in preparation to face Georgia at Sanford Stadium, Dean Coyle Moore - a long-time professor and member of FSU's athletic board - issued a challenge: "Bring back some sod from between the hedges at Georgia." On Saturday, October 20, the Seminoles scored an 18-0 victory over the favored Bulldogs. Team captain Gene McDowell pulled a small piece of grass from the field and presented it to Moore at the next football practice. Moore and FSU coach Bill Peterson had the sod buried on the practice field with a small monument to commemorate the triumph. The tradition of the sod game was born.

In the early years Florida State players only snipped grass when they won an upset victory on the road. As the Seminoles became more successful, they were less often underdogs. The criteria expanded to include big extra-seasonal games such as bowls, championship matches, and (beginning in 2014) playoff games, regardless of which team is favored. Each piece of sod is buried in a cemetery next to the Seminoles' practice field. A tombstone placed above it displays the score and date of the victory.

Bobby Bowden Field at Doak Campbell Stadium
The stadium, named after former Florida State President Doak S. Campbell, hosted its first game against the Randolph-Macon College Yellowjackets on October 7, 1950 with the Seminoles winning the game 40–7. At that time the facility had a seating capacity of 15,000. Florida State began to play at Centennial Field during the team's inaugural 1947 season and would continue to play there for the following two years (1948 and 1949). The stadium has expanded numerous times; from 15,000 seats to 19,000 in 1954, to 25,000 in 1961 and to 40,500 between the years 1960 and 1970. Since that time, the stadium has expanded to almost 83,000, largely in part to the success of the football team under head coach Bobby Bowden coupled with the ever growing student body. It now is the largest football stadium in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) and the fourteenth largest stadium in the NCAA.


 * Prior to the start of the 2007 Season a new state-of-the-art sound and public address system was installed.
 * At the end of the 2007 Seminole Football Home Season work began on installing two new LED Scoreboards as well as four new LED ribbon boards.

The University Center Doak Campbell Stadium is a unique venue in collegiate football. It is contained within the brick facade walls of University Center, a vast complex that houses the offices of the University, the Registrar, School of Hospitality as well as numerous other offices and classrooms.

Building A houses the offices of the Registrar, Financial Aid, Admissions and Dean of Students. The Career Center is also located here until it is moved to the new Student Success Center. The Award Winning Film School is Located in the 2nd wing of Building A. The top two floors are home to Skyboxes
 * The University Center A (East wing)

Building B holds the Seminole Sportshop as well as Visitor Services. UCB is also home to the University Center Club and to the Osceola Sports Grill, the ultimate way to watch a Seminole Football game. The highly ranked Dedman School of Hospitality is located on the second floor of Building B.
 * The University Center B (South Wing)

Building C is home to the College of Communication, Florida State Testing Center as well as the College of Social Work. The Athletics Ticket office is also located here as are many of the offices of Seminole Boosters. Floor nine is home to the Press Boxes with two floors of Skyboxes below.
 * The University Center C (West Wing)

Located on the North Side of Doak Campbell, the athletic center houses nearly all of the athletic offices as well as some classrooms and lecture halls. Visitors are welcomed into the Great Hall showcasing the best of Seminole Athletics. The two National Championship Football trophies are on display for all to see.
 * Moore Athletic Center (University Center D)



Volleyball
The Florida State volleyball team has gained success over the last few seasons, going as far as reaching the Final Four in the NCAA tournament during the 2011 season.

Women's Soccer
Florida State University has built one of the top women's soccer programs in the nation. The University added women's soccer as its 17th varsity sport in 1998. The Seminoles have appeared in the NCAA tournament every year since 2000 and have appeared in the ACC tournament final in 2001 and 2004. FSU is one of only a few schools to have played in the NCAA Women's College Cup four times in the last five years, appearing in 2003, 2005–2007. In 2007, the Seminoles were national runner-up, losing 2–0 to USC in the national championship match.


 * All-Americans
 * 2 India Trotter (2002–2006) – First Team All-American
 * 8 Selin Kuralay (2003–present) – Second Team All-American
 * 10 Kelly Rowland (2002–2006) – First Team All-American
 * 13 Leah Gallegos (2002–2004) – Third Team All-American

Seminole Soccer Complex
In 1998, FSU built a state-of-the-art soccer and softball complex. The 1,600-seat stadium is only for the women's soccer team since FSU doesn't have a varsity soccer or lacrosse team. Florida State's women's soccer team is 119-32-9 (79%) at home.

Women's Softball

 * Head Coach: Lonni Alameda

The Seminole softball team plays at the Seminole Softball Complex; the field is named for JoAnne Graf, the winningest coach in softball history. The winningest coach in softball history keeps pushing her record farther and farther up the charts. Following the program's 25th 40-win season in 2006, Graf's 1,355 total wins are 149 ahead of the next closest coach. An 8–1 victory over Jacksonville on February 22, 2006, made her only the second coach in NCAA history to record 1,100 NCAA fast-pitch wins. In 1999, Florida State received a state-of-the-art softball complex, which also houses the Seminole soccer stadium. The result was the creation of one of the nation's premier collegiate joint softball and soccer facilities.

Seven trips to the Women’s College World Series, 19 NCAA Tournaments, 24 All-Americans, 10 conference titles in 15 years and one of the nations’ premiere softball facilities and that’s just scratching the surface of what it means to play softball at Florida State. From the time FSU won its first national championship in 1981, the nation’s best players have come to play for legendary head coach Dr. JoAnne Graf and wear Garnet and Gold.

For over two decades those players have made FSU one of the most dominant softball programs in the history of collegiate softball. Only five teams in the history of the NCAA have been to more WCWS than Florida State and no school east of Arizona has been to more NCAA Tournaments than the Seminoles. Florida State’s success on the field is remarkable. The Tribe has never endured a losing season in coach Dr. Graf ’s 28 years as they have won 76% of the 1786 games they have played. Only UCLA has amassed more program wins than Florida State’s 1136 since 1984 and the Seminoles have a winning record against over 80% of the 165 opponents they have faced in the program’s illustrious 28-year history. Nothing has changed recently either as over the last 15 seasons, FSU has amassed 761 wins or an average of more than 50 victories a season.

JoAnne Graf Field at the Seminole Softball Complex

 * Field Dimensions:
 * 200’ – right and left field
 * 220’ – center field
 * Stadium Capacity: 1,000

JoAnne Graf Field at the Seminole Softball Complex is state of the art in every facet and provides Florida State softball players with an all-inclusive complex that includes locker rooms, meeting rooms and one of the best playing surfaces anywhere in the country.

Florida State has posted 217 wins in its eight years at the complex. Even more impressive, FSU has gone 164–36 at the complex the last six years for an amazing .820 winning percentage. The complex was also featured in Athletic Business Magazine’s 2002 Architectural Showcase.

Florida State’s dream of a new, state-of-the-art softball complex became reality when ground was broken in a ceremony in the spring of 1998. Construction workers worked continuously to complete the facility, which also houses the Seminole soccer stadium. The result was the creation of one of the nation’s premier collegiate softball and soccer facilities. The complex, which was completed in the spring of 1999, includes ticket and concessions buildings and spacious press boxes with radio/television booths. The two-level Mary Ann Stiles & Barry Smith Team Building features a reception area, softball and soccer coaches offices, which overlook their respective stadiums, a combined workroom, large team and coaches locker rooms and training and equipment rooms.

On April 2, 2005, university president Dr. T.K. Wetherell and Dave Hart officially renamed the softball stadium “JoAnne Graf Field at the Seminole Softball Complex.” She joins Bob Heck of Georgia State as the only two active softball coaches with fields named after them. The stadium got a facelift as a Florida State will unveil a brand new video scoreboard for the 2007 season. The board uses the same technology that is used at most outdoor professional stadiums. The ProStar is capable of displaying video clips, live video, animation, player head shots, graphics and statistics in 4.3 trillion colors.

The Seminole Softball/Soccer Complex is located in between the Dick Howser Baseball Stadium and the Mike Long Track on Chieftan Way. The facility can be accessed from both Chieftan Way and Stadium Drive.

Track & Field


The FSU men's Track & Field team has won back-to-back-to-back NCAA national championships and Atlantic Coast Conference championships (2006–2008). In 2006, Head Coach Bob Braman and Associate Head Coach Harlis Meaders helped lead individual champions in the 200 m (Walter Dix), the triple jump (Raqeef Curry), and the shot put (Garrett Johnson). Individual runners-up were Walter Dix in the 100 m, Ricardo Chambers in the 400 m, and Tom Lancashire in the 1500 m. Others scoring points in the National Championship were Michael Ray Garvin in the 200 m (8th), Andrew Lemoncello in the 3000 m steeplechase (4th), Raqeef Curry in the long jump (6th), and Garrett Johnson in the discus (5th). In 2007, FSU won its second straight men's Track & Field NCAA National Championship when Dix became the first person to hold the individual title in the 100 m, 200 m, and 4*100 m Relay at the same time.

Rugby
Florida State Rugby was founded in 1972 and plays in the South Independent Rugby Conference. The Seminoles won the conference championship in 2012, defeating the University of Central Florida. With this conference championship, FSU qualified for the national playoffs and finished the spring 2012 regular season ranked 22nd in the country. In the national playoffs, Florida State defeated in-state rivals Florida 34-12 in the Sweet 16, before losing to Tennessee 45-27 in the quarterfinals. FSU is coached by Kirk Swanner.

Bill Harkins field at the Manley R. Whitcomb Band Complex
Bill Harkins Field at the Manley R. Whitcomb Band Complex is an artificial turf with rubber fill field built near the Flying High Circus on Chieftain Way. The field is an exact replica of what Bobby Bowden field looked like on game days at the time of the field's construction. Since then several alterations have been made to the actual field. Bill Harkins, head coach of the men's lacrosse team, donated $350,000 towards the construction of the new field. Previously the space was a grassy field that often alternated between dusty and muddy. The Florida State University Marching Chiefs have primary use of the field and use it for their daily practices. The football team and lacrosse teams have secondary use of the field with the lacrosse team using the field for practices and games. The football team sometimes uses the practice field in anticipation of games at stadiums with artificial turf.

Notable alumni
Currently, 75 FSU alumni compete in professional basketball, American football, baseball and golf.

FSU Hall of Fame

 * For a list of inductees by sport, see footnote
 * For a list of inductees by year of induction, see footnote
 * For a list of inductees by alphabetical order, see footnote

The first hall of fame class was inducted in 1977.

2006-2010 NCAA Penalties
The athletic department emerged in January 2010 from NCAA sanctions resulting from the discovery of academic cheating by athletes in 2006-2007. This discovery involved athletes in ten sports programs who were taking an online course in music history. An NCAA investigation resulted in scholarship limits and negation of wins involving compromised athletes. Florida State appealed parts of the decision. The penalties removed fourteen football wins from the career total of Seminoles football coach Bobby Bowden, yet the coach eventually claimed the all-time record for Division 1 football wins in 2012 when a far larger number of victories was deducted from the career total of Pennsylvania State University football coach Joe Paterno.