Dead ball

Dead ball is a phenomenon in many ball sports in which the ball is deemed temporarily not playable, and no movement may be made with it or the players from their respective positions of significance. Depending on the sport, this event may be quite routine, and often occurs between individual plays of the game.

Gridiron football
In Gridiron football, a dead ball is a condition that occurs between football plays, after the player with the ball has run out of bounds or after the ball is downed either by the possessing player being tackled to the ground or an incomplete pass hitting the ground, and before the ball is snapped to begin the next play. During the time in which a ball is dead, a team may not attempt to advance it and no change of possession can take place.

The clock may or may not be stopped during this time, depending on the circumstances.

Baseball
In baseball, when the ball is dead, no runners may advance beyond the respective bases they are entitled to, and no runners may be put out. The ball becomes dead when:


 * A batter is touched by a pitch or a batted ball (hit by pitch)
 * The plate umpire hinders a catcher's throw attempt and the throw does not directly retire a runner
 * A ball is illegally batted, such as when a batter hits the ball while outside of the batter's box
 * A foul ball is not caught
 * A fair ball touches a runner or an umpire on fair territory before it touches an infielder (including the pitcher)
 * A fair ball touches a runner or an umpire before it has passed an infielder other than the pitcher
 * A live ball lodges in the umpire's or catcher's equipment or in a fence or in another object on the field
 * Any legal pitch touches a runner trying to score
 * A live ball passes out of the playing field (unless it hits or crosses over a base on the ground)
 * A runner or spectator commits interference
 * The defense leaves the field after the game ends
 * An umpire calls time. Umpires typically call "time" after being asked to do so by a participant. An umpire in chief (plate umpire) will also call "time" when:
 * Weather, darkness or similar conditions make play impossible or dangerous
 * Light failure makes it difficult or impossible for the umpires to follow the play
 * An accident incapacitates a player or an umpire
 * The umpire wishes to examine the ball, to consult with either manager, or for any similar cause.
 * An umpire orders a player or any other person removed from the playing field.
 * A balk or obstruction is committed and immediate ensuing play ends
 * The catcher interferes with the batter before the time of pitch

In general, the ball does not automatically become dead after playing action ends.

After a dead ball, the ball becomes alive again when the pitcher stands on the pitcher's plate ready to pitch, the batter, catcher and umpire are ready, and the umpire calls or signals "Play."

Players and coaches may ask an umpire for "time," but they themselves may not call "time" and cause the ball to become dead. Nevertheless, "time" is usually granted by the umpire when asked, and thus, colloquially, it is often said that players or coaches indeed can "call time." Unlike other U.S. sports, the phrase "time out" is not used in baseball.

Cricket
In cricket, a dead ball is a particular state of play in which the players may not perform any of the active aspects of the game. In other words, batsmen may not score runs and fielders may not attempt to get batsmen out.

The ball, referring to the cricket ball, becomes live when the bowler begins his run up in preparation to bowling at the batsman. In the live state, play occurs with the batsmen able to score runs and get out.

The ball then becomes dead when any of the following situations occur:
 * The umpire is satisfied that, with adequate reason, the batsman is not ready for the delivery of the ball.
 * The ball passes the batsman, is gathered by the wicket-keeper, and the batsmen obviously decline to attempt to take runs.
 * The ball is finally settled in the hands of the wicket-keeper or the bowler, and the batsmen obviously decline to attempt to take any more runs.
 * The umpire feels that both the fielding team and the batsmen consider the ball no longer to be in play.
 * The ball reaches the boundary and four runs or six runs are scored.
 * Either batsman is out.
 * The ball lodges in the clothing or equipment of a batsman or umpire.
 * The ball lodges in a protective helmet worn by a fielder.
 * The batsmen attempt to run leg byes, and, in the umpire's opinion, no attempt was made either to hit the ball with the bat or to evade it. This nullifies the leg byes.
 * The umpire intervenes in the occurrence of injury or unfair play.

Umpires may also call dead ball at their discretion, in the case of a series for events for which there is no provision in either the Laws of Cricket or agreements made prior to the match. This happened on 9 October 2005, when Australian batsman Michael Hussey hit the retracted roof at the Telstra Dome. What would have been six in an open stadium was ruled a dead ball, and no runs were awarded.

Note that the ball becomes dead as soon as a batsman is out, so it is not possible to dismiss the other batsman immediately. Thus the baseball concept of a double play cannot occur in cricket.

If necessary to make it clear to the players that the umpire considers the ball to be dead, the umpire signals dead ball by crossing and uncrossing his arms in front of his body.

Association football
In association football, the term "dead ball" refers to a situation when the ball is not in play, e.g. when play has not been restarted after the ball has gone out of bounds or a foul has been committed. It also applies before each kick-off, either at the start of each half or after a goal has been scored. In a dead ball situation, players can position the ball with their hands prior to restarting play. Furthermore, even though the ball is not in play, the referee may still issue cautions or ejections (yellow or red cards) for any incident that occurs off the ball. Fouls, on the other hand, can occur only while the ball is in play.

National Basketball Association
In the National Basketball Association (NBA) in North America, most or any time play is stopped the ball is considered dead. Player substitutions may then be made. See section IV of the NBA rule book, See also  or.

Flag Football
Times when it can be a dead ball: See more information in Flag Football
 * anytime the ball hits the ground (also called a fumble)
 * the ball is blocked, not caught, by usually the defender. If the ball is caught, the defender can make a run for touchdown.
 * the ball carrier's flag is pulled or somehow falls to the ground.
 * the ball carrier falls to the ground. If any other part of the body of the ball carrier, other than the hands and feet, touch the ground, it is a dead ball.

Other sports
Other sports in which the ball may be deemed a "dead ball" include rugby football.